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找一个与动物福利有关的英文资料

萌宠菠菠乐园
2024-09-30 12:49

　　动物福利概念由五个基本要素组成：生理福利，即无饥渴之忧虑；环境福利，也就是要让动物有适当的居所；卫生福利，主要是减少动物的伤病；行为福利，应保证动物表达天性的自由；心理福利，即减少动物恐惧和焦虑的心情。按照国际公认标准，动物被分为农场动物、实验动物、伴侣动物、工作动物、娱乐动物和野生动物六类。本次会议中，世界动物卫生组织尤其强调了农场动物的福利，指出农场动物是供人吃的，但在成为食品之前，它们在饲养和运输过程中，或者因卫生原因遭到宰杀时，其福利都不容忽视。
　　1822年，被称为“人道的迪克”的理查德•马丁提出“反对虐待以及不恰当地对待牛的行为”的法案在英国国会获得通过。两年后，在伦敦一家咖啡屋里，牧师亚瑟•布鲁姆召集成立了世界上第一个动物福利组织“反虐待动物协会”（ PSPCA）。协会里的专职监察员领取很少的薪水，却工作得非常认真，他们不停地向公众宣传动物福利知识，向学校提供教材，对虐待动物的人提起公诉。1840年，英国女王维多利亚给协会冠以“皇家”头衔。
　　英国爱丁堡大学应用动物行为与动物福利高级讲师纳塔丽•沃伦博士介绍：英国最早的动物福利法案，也是把动物仅仅看作是财产，而没考虑动物本身应该享有的“权利”。1776年，一个叫劳伦斯的人从法律角度提出：没有人因为残忍地虐待动物而受过处罚，他唯一的罪行是侵犯了另一个人的财产。1800年，英国第一个确保动物免受虐待的立法《牛饵法案》被通过。英国现行的动物保护法是1911年通过的，目前英国正在修改这部法律。除了1911年通过的动物保护法之外，英国还陆续出台了很多专项法律，比如野生动物保护法、动物园动物保护法、实验动物保护法、狗的繁殖法案、家畜运输法案等。这些法律在保证动物不受虐待方面规定得非常细致，鼓励养动物的人以最好的措施对待动物，对于没有达到法律规定的，别人可以用这些标准起诉你。英国有关动物保护的法律有10多个，如1869年的鸟类保护法、1911年的动物保护法，野生动植物及乡村法、宠物法、斗鸡法、动物麻醉保护法、动物遗弃法案、动物寄宿法案、兽医法……不仅面面俱到，而且不断修订。法律不仅对残忍地虐待动物的人判处刑罚，也不允许主人未尽到责任而造成动物额外的痛苦——构成“允许残忍”，也要被判监禁。甚至对饲养以供食用的动物，法律还规定要由专职人员实行“无痛感的”宰杀。
　　在国内法之外，还有一些国际性动物保护公约，这些公约对各缔约国也有相当大的约束作用。比如1976年通过的《保护农畜欧洲公约》，1979年制定的《保护屠宰用动物欧洲公约》等。后者规定“各缔约国应保证屠房的建造设计和设备及其操作符合本公约的规定，使动物免受不必要的刺激和痛苦”。缔约各国的法规必须与国际公约相配。这也对欧洲国家的动物福利立法有相当大的促进。一般来说，欧美发达国家较早开始注重动物福利立法，并能够因时代变化在法律上作相应的调整。
　　由于特殊的历史背景，我国香港地区的动物福利立法起步较早。早在上个世纪30年代，香港就有了法律公告禁止残酷虐待动物，并有针对动物和禽鸟的公共卫生规例。随后，又公布动物饲养规例、猫狗条例和野生动物保护条例等。直到1999年，港府还颁布了新的防止残酷对待动物法律公告，增加修订条款。这些成文法规形成完整的管理之网。台湾于1998年颁布了《动物保护法》。这是一部综合性动物保护法律，具有全新的视野和明晰完善的规定，值得借鉴。而中国大陆的相关条例包括：2003年1月1日起正式实施的《北京市公园条例》（在公园中惊吓、殴打、伤害动物要处以50元以上100元以下的罚款，构成犯罪的要依法追究刑事责任）等。
　　近年连续出现的“给活猪注水”、“毒死宠物狗”、“宣扬敌对动物混养导致狒狒被老虎咬死”、“硫酸伤熊”等等动物受虐待的事件，频频引起社会和媒体的关注。人们发现，我们生活的世界竟是这么多动物的苦难场。于是，人们渴望能有一套理念和机制阻止这类事件再次发生。于是，“动物福利”这个词越来越多地出现在媒体上。
　　人类与动物应当是平等的吗？人类应该满足动物们维持基本生命和健康的需求吗？在人类满足自身利益的同时，是否该以法律约束自己，不给动物带来痛苦？对虐待农场动物、实验动物、伴侣动物、工作动物、娱乐动物和野生动物的人，该不该用法律给予处罚？
　　这些问题在180多年前的英国已明确地写进法律，在今天，世界上很多国家也已制定了明确的法律，切实保障动物免受不必要的伤害。现在，“动物福利”成为中国法制化建设中需要引起重视的新问题。我国现行的有关动物保护的法律所保护的范围过于狭隘，而且原则性条款多，可操作性欠缺。
　　从环境的可持续发展的角度来看，动物立法已是刻不容缓。人类和自然界的动植物以及其他各种资源构成了我们生活的环境。自然创造了一个物种如此丰富多彩的世界，但是在近40年里，地球上动物种类灭绝的速度已是自然灭绝速度的100—1000倍。而人类的活动是这一现象的根本原因。物种的不断灭绝是环境恶化的表现。
　　人类对待动物的态度体现了人类对于自然环境的态度。不难想象，当我们身边的各种动物变得越来越稀有、最后不断走向灭绝的时候，我们赖以发展经济的基础是不是如同空中楼阁一样变得毫无意义？环境对于人类，如同水之于鱼、阳光之于绿草、翅膀之于飞鸟，恶化了的环境势必显示出它强大的破坏力量，而人类已经在遭到自然的报复。
　　人类发展史不断地从野蛮走向文明。当我们以极不文明的方式对待与我们一样具有悲喜感受的动物时，文明仅仅是一个遥远的目标。有人用活生生的牛来喂食铁笼中的猛虎，这种血腥的捕食场面并非自然界中适者生存的法则，这样的喂养方式也是不可取的。调查表明，孩子们对于保护动物理解的程度高于成人，孩子更容易接受人性化的教育方式。一旦随意虐待动物的不良观念在幼小的心灵中扎根，要重新唤起他的爱心，改变暴力对他的影响是很困难的。美国犯罪学家的研究表明，儿童时期虐待动物与成人后犯罪这二者之间有极大的相关性。
　　动物福利同时也关系到经济问题。中国是一个农业大国，农产品出口越来越多。欧盟及美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国都有动物福利方面的法律，世界贸易组织的规则中也有明确的动物福利条款。如果肉用动物在饲养、运输、屠宰过程中不按动物福利的标准执行，检验指标就会出问题，而影响肉食品的出口。这样的情况已经发生，不久前欧盟销毁的我国进口的肉食品就是出于这样的原因。
　　过度保护人类自身的眼前利益是一种缺乏长远目光的表现，动物福利立法是人类对于自然界观念的更新，是社会文明进步的象征。

　　翻译The concept of animal welfare by the five basic elements: physical well-being, that is not disturbed by the lack of hunger and thirst; environmental benefits, that is, let the animals have adequate housing; Health and Welfare, the main injury is to reduce the animals; acts of welfare, should ensure that animal nature of freedom of expression; psychological well-being, a reduction of animal fear and anxiety. In accordance with internationally accepted standards, animals were divided into farm animals, laboratory animals, companion animals, working animals, entertainment, six types of animals and wildlife. This meeting, the World Organization for Animal Health in particular, stressed the importance of the welfare of farm animals that the farm animals for human food, but the food before feeding and transport them in the course of, or been culled because of health reasons, the benefits can not be ignored.
　　1822, referred to as "humane Dick" Richard • Martin made "no abuse, and inappropriate treatment of cattle behavior" bill Congress passed in the United Kingdom. Two years later, a coffee house in London, the Reverend Arthur Broome convened • the establishment of the world's first animal welfare organization "Association of anti-cruelty to animals" (PSPCA). The association of full-time ombudsman to receive a small salary, but work very seriously, they kept informing the public of knowledge of animal welfare, to provide schools with teaching materials, the people of cruelty to animals prosecution. In 1840, Britain's Queen Victoria to the association of the word "Royal" title.
　　University of Edinburgh, UK Application of animal behavior and animal welfare Natalie Senior Lecturer沃伦博士• Introduction: Britain's first animal welfare bill, but also the animals only as property, and did not consider the animal itself, should enjoy the "rights." In 1776, a man named Lawrence made from a legal point of view: no one because of the brutal punishment of cruelty to animals who have been, his only offense was a violation of another person's property. In 1800, the United Kingdom the first animal from abuse to ensure that the legislation "cattle bait bill" was passed. The United Kingdom the current animal protection law was adopted in 1911, the United Kingdom in the process of amending the current law. In addition to the adoption in 1911 of the Animal Protection Act, the United Kingdom have also introduced a number of special laws, such as the Wild Animal Protection Law, Law on the Protection of zoo animals, laboratory animal protection law, the Bill of dog breeding, animal transport bills. These laws guarantee against ill-treatment of animals very detailed requirements to encourage those who raise animals to the best measures to deal with animals, who do not meet the legal requirements, and others of these standards can be used to prosecute you. British animal protection laws of more than 10, such as the 1869 Law on the Protection of Birds, in 1911 the Animal Protection Law, Law on Wild Fauna and Flora and villages, pet law, cockfighting law, Law on the Protection of Animals anesthesia, animal abandonment of the bill, animal bill boarding, veterinary law ... ... not only exhaustive, but have been amended. Law not only of cruelty to animals cruel to impose the penalty, nor will we allow the owner to the responsibility of not causing additional suffering of animals - constitute "cruel allow" as well as sentenced to imprisonment. Even to the keeping of animals for food, the law also provides full-time staff by the implementation of "no pain a" slaughter.
　　In domestic law, there are a number of international animal protection conventions of the States Parties are bound by a considerable role. For example, in 1976 adopted the "European Convention for the protection of livestock," enacted in 1979, "Protection of the European Convention for slaughtering animals" and so on. The latter provides that "Each State Party shall ensure that the design and construction of slaughterhouse equipment and its operation in line with the provisions of this Convention, so that animals from unnecessary pain and to stimulate." The States Parties to the Convention and international laws and regulations must be matched. This is also on the European animal welfare legislation to promote considerable. In general, European and American developed countries started to pay more attention earlier animal welfare legislation, and respond to the changes of the times in the law would be adjusted accordingly.
　　Due to special historical background, China's Hong Kong region, an early start in animal welfare legislation. As early as the 30s of last century, Hong Kong will have a Legal Notice to prohibit the cruel abuse of animals and birds for animal and public health regulations. Subsequently, the animals also announced regulations, Dogs and Cats Ordinance and the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance. Until 1999, the Government also issued a new Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Legal Notice, increasing the revised terms. These written rules form a complete network management. Taiwan in 1998, promulgated the "Law on the Protection of Animals." This is a comprehensive animal protection laws, with a new clarity of vision and provides a sound, is worth learning from. And the related regulations in China include: 1 January, 2003 since the implementation of the "Beijing Municipal Parks Ordinance" (in the park in shock, beatings, harm to animals more than 50 punishable by a fine 100, which constitute a crime according to law be held criminally responsible) and so on.
　　In recent years, a row of "live to the water", "dog poison," "to promote a result of hostile baboons Polyculture animals killed by tigers," "Bear sulfate injury," and so on by the abuse of animals, frequently caused by society and the media attention. It has been found that the world we live in was the suffering of so many game animals. So, people are anxious to have a set of concepts and mechanisms to prevent such incidents from happening again. Thus, "animal welfare" of the word increasingly appear in the media.
　　Human beings and animals should be equal right? Should meet the needs of human animals to maintain a basic life and health needs? In humans to meet their own interests, whether or not bound by the law itself does not bring suffering to the animals? Abuse farm animals, laboratory animals, companion animals, working animals, entertainment, animals and wild animals, and that should not be punished by law?
　　These issues in more than 180 years ago, the United Kingdom has clearly written into the law, today, many countries in the world has been the development of a clear legal, and effectively protect animals from unnecessary harm. Now, the "animal welfare" of the construction of China's legal system needs to pay attention to the new problems. China's existing animal protection laws are too narrow the scope of protection, and the terms of principle, and the lack of maneuverability.
　　Sustainable development from an environmental point of view, it is imperative animal legislation. Human beings and the natural flora and fauna and other resources which form part of our living environment. Nature has created a species of the world so rich and varied, but in the last 40 years, the extinction of animal species on Earth is the natural rate of extinction rates of 100-1000 times. And human activities are the root causes of this phenomenon. The continuous extinction of species is the performance of environmental degradation.
　　Human treatment of animals reflects the attitude of the attitude of human beings for the natural environment. It is not difficult to imagine, when all kinds of animals around us is becoming increasingly rare, and finally towards extinction, we rely on the basis of economic development is like a castle in the air as to be meaningless? Environment for human beings, like water in the fish, the sun is in the green, the wings of the birds, the deterioration of the environment shows that it is bound to a strong destructive force, but human nature has been retaliation.
　　Continuous history of human development from barbarism to civilization. When we deal with a very uncivilized way as we do with the resurrection of the animals feel when civilization is merely a distant goal. It was used to feed cattle living in the tiger cages, the bloody scenes of predation in the survival of the fittest is not the law of nature, so that feeding is not an acceptable way. Survey shows that children understand the extent of the protection of animals is higher than adults, children more receptive to humane education. Once free of the bad concept of cruelty to animals in the hearts and minds of young roots, it is necessary to re-draw his love, to change the impact of violence against him is very difficult. U.S. criminologist studies have shown that childhood abuse and adult animals between the two after the crime that has great relevance.
　　Animal welfare at the same time is also related to economic issues. China is a large agricultural country, more and more agricultural exports. The European Union and the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries have animal welfare laws, the rules of the World Trade Organization also has a clear terms of animal welfare. If the meat of animals in farming, transportation, slaughtering process is not in accordance with the standards of animal welfare, testing of indicators will be a problem, and the impact on the export of meat products. Such a situation has occurred not long ago destroyed the European Union imports of meat products in China is for this reason.
　　Overly protective of its own immediate interests of mankind is a lack of long-term vision of the performance of animal welfare legislation is the concept of human nature for the update, is a symbol of social civilization and progr