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Unit the 1980s, scientists were trained to ignore animal pain, according to the

萌宠菠菠乐园
2024-10-09 17:50

题型：阅读理解-七选五难度：0.65 引用次数：109 题号：7967328

Unit the 1980s, scientists were trained to ignore animal pain, according to the belief that the ability to feel pain was associated only with higher consciousness. However, today, scientists view humans as a species of animals, and largely accept that many species are capable of some level of self-awareness. 1

If you hit another person in the face, you can estimate their pain level by what they do or say in response. 2 Gradually, scientists have developed a set of indicators of pain response in non-human animals. Demonstrating a response to a negative stimulation and displaying protective behavior of injured areas are two major signs.

3 Some researchers argue lobsters (龙虾) are too dissimilar to vertebrates (脊椎动物) to feel pain. Nonetheless, lobsters do satisfy all of the standards for a pain response. Lobsters guard their injuries, and learn to avoid dangerous situations. They are even believed to possess some level of consciousness. In result, today most scientists agree that injuring a lobster causes physical pain.

Due to growing evidence that the lobsters may feel pain, it is now illegal to boil lobsters alive or keep them on ice in some countries. Even in locations where boiling lobsters remains legal, many restaurants prefer more humane methods. 4 To satisfy picky diners, more restaurants rule out the cruel cooking methods.

Currently, the most humane tool for cooking a lobster is the CrustaStun. This device electrocutes (电击) a lobster. 5 The following process of cooking is sure to cause no pain. In contrast, it takes about 2 minutes for a lobster to die from boiling water during which time pain lasts.

A．But huge disagreement exists.B．The creature instantly loses consciousness in half a second.C．It beats the former method by saving chefs’ effort in cleaning the creature.D．It’s difficult to assess pain in other species because we cannot communicate as easily.E．People are coming to realize that other species might also enjoy the luxury of emotion.F．Except for moral consideration, many chefs believe stress negatively affects the flavor (味道) of the meat.G．Legal prohibition becomes the major consideration for restaurants when choosing a cooking method.

更新时间：2019/04/27 21:46:45 |

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文章大意：这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚新发现的鳄鱼标本。

【推荐1】A new unnamed species of crocodile (鳄鱼) indigenous to Australia has been found in the middle of the outback. The species of crocodile presently on extinction, belonging to the Baru crocodile, is new to experts despite the fact that the animal wandered around the Australian continent 25 million years ago.

Adam Yates, senior leader of earth sciences, said that Australia’s suitable instance of the crocodile’s bone was discovered in 2009 at the site of Alcoota Fossil which is eight million years old and is 200 kilometers north-east of Alice Springs, Australia. Dr. Yates revealed that other specimens (样本) had been discovered before. He said, “This specific specimen is one of the last of its kind. It is the nicest and the bone of the Baru crocodile is the most complete among all that have ever been discovered so far.” Thanks to the bone’s condition, Dr. Yates said that it would turn into the name-bearing specimen or what he referred to as “the holotype (正模标本)” of the new species.

Dr. Yates revealed that the modern Australian crocodile is known for being ancient and fixed, but that is not really true. “The current Australian crocodiles are truly new arrivals on the Australian continent. They are part of the genus Crocodylus, which likely has its origins in Africa,” he said. “This species of crocodile immigrated and conquered Australia just a few million years ago. However, Australia’s main native crocodiles, like this one, have totally gone extinct,” he continued.

Dr. Yates also revealed that the size of this Baru crocodile can be compared to a recent saltwater crocodile; however, due to the fact that the bone is strong, it would have had more weight. He said it is likely that it weighed more than a saltwater crocodile of an equal length. So they are looking towards many hundreds of kilos. Studying the details of the bone will bring hints not only to the altering state of Australia’s environment from ancient times till now, but also to how this specific crocodile varies from other species that are known.

He also said they have to get down to the details of its structure and make a demonstration on why the structure of this one is sort of different from all the other species of ancient crocodile from Australia that are known.

Dr. Yates said the size of the bone shows that the animal was very powerful. “Its actually powerfully built heavy, thick, deep jaws, and really large teeth all imply that this was a crocodile that specifically takes megafauna (巨型动物),” he said. He added that modern crocodiles mostly survive on small prey and small fish. This guy didn’t survive on small things. Dr. Yates said modern saltwater crocodiles also had the ability of taking larger animals.

1. What’s special about the new specimen?

A．It was rare in Australia.B．Its bone is well-preserved.C．It is the first specimen of a new species.D．Its name was given by a famous scientist.

2. What can be inferred from the finding of Australian crocodiles?

A．They are quite ancient and fixed.B．They are threatened with extinction.C．They may have their origins in Africa.D．They have better adaptability on the Australian continent.

3. What’s the significance of studying the new specimen?

A．Finding out the cause of its disappearance.B．Helping the saltwater crocodile to live better.C．Restoring the whole picture of this type of crocodile.D．Learning about the change of the environment in Australia.

4. What does the text mainly talk about?

A．The evolution of Australian crocodiles.B．A study about the oldest crocodiles in Africa.C．A newly-discovered crocodile specimen in Australia.D．The difference between native Australian crocodiles and African ones

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【推荐2】When Mark Twain first set eyes on Honolulu in 1866, he observed that the trees were so thick that they blocked the sunlight, rocks from past volcanic eruptions covered the corals — and lovely cats were everywhere.

Nearly 160 years later, however, the descendants (后代) of the cats that so pleased Twain are now widely seen as a threat to the islands. The wild cat, explains the Hawaii Invasive (侵入的) Species Council (HISC), has become one of the state’s most “disastrous” animals.

Cats were first brought to Hawaii aboard European colonists’ ships, where they killed rats and mice. As their number in their new home grew during the 19th century, birds started to disappear. At least 30 types of native bird became rarer or went extinct between 1870 and 1930 as they were exposed to their new enemies, according to the US Geological Survey.

Toxoplasmosis (弓形虫病) is a disease caused by a parasite (寄生虫) that reproduces in the digestive systems of cats, and then pollutes soil and water through their faces (粪便). A new study determined that two spinner dolphins found on the Hawaiian coast died of toxoplasmosis. From these findings the authors suggest that at least 60 spinner dolphins have died of the parasite over the past 30 years.

A bill that could have directed the HISC to kill cats using poisoned food, as Australia has done, died in the state legislature earlier this year. Animal-lovers prefer to focus on catching wild cats, removing their sex organs and releasing them so that they have no kittens. But HISC contends that such programmes do not actually help control cat numbers. Ms West suggests that people are too quick to blame the cats, when there is another cruel animal. “People have to stop abandoning these poor cats,” she says. “It’s not really a cat problem. It’s a human problem.”

1. What’s the purpose of Paragraph 1?

A．To stress Mark Twain’s impression on cats.B．To urge people to show love to cats.C．To indicate the change of cats in the history.D．To lead in the topic of the wild cats in Hawaii.

2. What probably caused the decline of birds and dolphins?

A．The loss of habitat.B．The infectious disease.C．The increase of cats.D．The polluted food.

3. What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A．Solutions to the problem.B．Influence on the society.C．Discovery of the phenomenon.D．Outcome of the situation.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A．Species Invasion Is Common in HawaiiB．Wild Cats Have Invaded HawaiiC．Humans Caused the Increase of CatsD．Getting Rid of Wild Cats in Hawaii

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【推荐3】A Koala Isn’t a Bear

Koalas remind people of teddy bears. They have thick fur and large ears. Their broad, flat nose makes them look cute, similar to teddy bears. In fact, koalas aren’t cute. They have sharp teeth and very sharp claws! Koalas are marsupials. This means the mother carries her baby in a pocket while it develops, similar to a kangaroo. The baby koala lives in its mother’s pocket for the first six months of its life.

The name “koala” comes from a native Australian word that means “no drink”. The koalas get almost all their water from the eucalyptus (桉树) leaves they eat. That’s where they get their food too. Koalas eat only eucalyptus leaves, and only the leaves of certain eucalyptus trees. The eucalyptus trees are where the koalas live. It’s also where they sleep. Koalas sleep about nineteen hours a day!

Why do they sleep so much? Some people think it’s because they’re lazy. But koalas aren’t lazy. They sleep so much because there isn’t much nutrition in eucalyptus leaves. Koalas store hardly any fat, so they must save their energy. One way to do this is to move slowly and sleep a lot.

After a day of sleeping, they like to move around and eat just after sunset. They live alone most of the time. Koalas are very protective of their trees. If a koala sees another koala eating in its favorite tree, it might tell the other koala to leave by “barking” at it. Koalas do “talk” to each other. Besides barks, the males make a deep grunting sound. The mothers and babies talk in soft clicking sounds. If they get scared, they may scream like a baby.

1. How are koalas and kangaroos alike?

A．They both have thick fur.B．They both have sharp teeth.C．They both eat eucalyptus leaves.D．They both carry their young in a pocket.

2. The word “koala”comes from a word that means ________.

A．large earsB．no drinkC．moving slowlyD．barking loudly

3. Why do koalas sleep a lot?

A．Their babies need to get much rest.B．They get tired from playing so much.C．Their food does not give them much energy.D．They don’t like to be awake when it is warm.

4. If an adult koala screams like a baby, he may get ________.

A．frightenedB．hungryC．worriedD．sleepy