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宠物死去之后应该怎么处理？国际上都是怎么做的？

萌宠菠菠乐园
2024-10-26 04:45

当宠物往生时，人类处理宠物尸体的方式目前有越来越多样化的倾向，除火葬之外，另有土葬甚至剥制，尤有甚者，在某些乡下地方仍有「死狗吊树头，死猫放水流」等固有迷信之陋习。对于是否要管制处理方式一事，不仅牵涉到社会观感、道德价值、环保考虑，更须加上现存职业者市场等问题，理应审慎评估后，做成决策。而有关宠物尸体处理与遗骸保管的问题，国内相关文献尚属稀少，因此以下所探究者，分别就现行存在的几种动物尸体处理方式予以做概略介绍并加以讨论，并佐以国内报章杂志之资料、业者申请往返之公文等，透过论述思考其中所可能产生之问题，以理出管制宠物殡葬业务之方向为何。When pets die, there is a tendency for humans to deal with pet corpses in more and more diversified ways. In addition to cremation, there are also burial and even stripping. In particular, in some rural areas, there are still inherent superstitious habits such as "dead dogs hanging from tree heads and dead cats releasing water". The issue of whether to regulate the handling method involves not only social perception, moral values and environmental protection considerations, but also the existing professional market. It should be carefully evaluated before making a decision. However, there are few domestic literatures on the treatment of pet corpses and the custody of remains. Therefore, the following explorers briefly introduce and discuss several existing methods of animal corpse treatment, and think about the possible problems through discussion with the data of domestic newspapers and magazines and the official documents applied by the industry, To figure out the direction of controlling pet funeral business.

（一）剥制行为

现行社会上确实存在着剥制的处理方式，亦即将往生之宠物以剥制的方式来处理其尸体。有些饲主在宠物往生后，由于不忍将其土葬或是火葬，于是希望能透过剥制的方式，以保留宠物之尸体，正所谓「睹物思情」，就好像宠物还活生生地与饲主同在一般，藉此方式连结自己与宠物间情感的延续与追思。而所谓的剥制方法，即是以制作标本的方式，将动物的皮先剥去晒干，而后再塑模料填充其内。另外，亦有些饲主无法忍受宠物往生后受剥制待遇的作法，所以会寻求其他的标本制作方式。例如以冷冻干燥法的方式，先将动物之内脏取出，塞以填充物后再佐以化学药剂，之后将之冷冻干燥，予以再加工，使之栩栩如生。纵或这些作法所费不赀，仍然有部分饲主都愿意花极高的代价来换取宠物永久的陪伴。In the current society, there is a stripping method, that is, the dead pet will be stripped to deal with its body. Some pet owners can't bear to bury or cremate their pets after they die, so they hope to preserve their pet's bodies by stripping them. It's the so-called "seeing things and thinking about feelings", just like the pet is still alive with the owner, so as to connect the emotional continuity and remembrance between themselves and their pets. The so-called peeling method is to peel off the animal skin and dry it in the way of making specimens, and then fill it with plastic molding materials. In addition, some owners can't stand the practice of stripping their pets after death, so they will seek other ways to make specimens. For example, in the method of freeze-drying, the internal organs of animals are taken out first, stuffed with fillers, then supplemented with chemicals, and then freeze-dried and reprocessed to make them lifelike. Even though these practices are expensive, some owners are still willing to pay a high price for their pets' permanent companionship.

宠物早已经超越了单纯「物」之范畴，基于其也是一个生命体，自应受到对一个生命体所应得的尊重。据此，即便是在宠物往生后，饲主对待尸体的作法也不当然同于法律上拥有所有权的「物」一样，而可得任意处分支配。尤其现今宠物更逐渐被视为是家族的一份子，甚至欲废除「宠」这个有明显上下阶级意味的字眼，而改称伴侣动物。而若饲主选择以剥制方式来保存宠物尸体，则此举似又将宠物仅视为单纯之物，而得由饲主任意处分，且于其死后亦然。试问如果国人无法接受将自己的亲人于往生后以剥制的方式制作标本，何以对于宠物就得依饲主一己之意任意为之？如同人之遗体并非继承之目标，无论是基于遗族的情感或是人性尊严、社会善良风俗等的理由，人的遗体都不是单纯之物，其承载着超出法律上单纯之物的其他价值。是以若鼓励以剥制方式处理宠物尸体，则会有违背尊重生命本旨之讥，且又再次将宠物降格为单纯之物，事实上会与我国社会之善良风俗有所扞格。据以上所论，本研究认为除有科学上运用或其他特殊保存理由外，并不应该鼓励剥制宠物尸体。Pets have long gone beyond the category of simple "things". Because they are also a living body, they deserve the respect they deserve for a living body. Therefore, even after the death of a pet, the owner's treatment of the corpse is not necessarily the same as the "thing" with legal ownership, but can be disposed of arbitrarily. Especially nowadays, pets are increasingly regarded as a member of the family, and even want to abolish the word "pet", which has obvious upper and lower class meaning, and change it to companion animals. If the owner chooses to preserve the pet body by stripping, it seems that the pet is only regarded as a simple thing and can be arbitrarily disposed of by the owner, and the same is true after his death. If Chinese people can't accept making specimens by stripping their relatives after death, why do they have to do it arbitrarily according to the owner's wishes? For example, the remains of the same person are not the goal of inheritance. Whether based on the feelings of the deceased, human dignity, social kindness and customs, human remains are not simple things, which carry other values beyond the simple things in law. Therefore, if we encourage the disposal of pet corpses by stripping, it will violate the purpose of respecting life, and degrade pets to simple things again. In fact, it will be different from the good customs of our society. According to the above, this study believes that the stripping of pet corpses should not be encouraged except for scientific application or other special preservation reasons.

（二）掩埋

中国民间传说认为，猫会爬树，所以猫死吊树头，猫会爬上天，而狗会游泳，所以狗死放水流，狗会流向西天，投胎转世。因而流传有「死猫吊树头，死狗放水流」的习俗。然而这样的说法不仅是没有科学根据，且会带来不少环境生态问题。死狗放水流一事会影响公共卫生、破坏生态；而死猫吊树头，则是恶臭熏天，也令人触目惊心，有碍观瞻。

然而这样的作法于其背后隐含着中国人对于丧葬的传统观念，尤其是一般人都认为将动物尸体回归大自然是最好的作法，因此也有不少人会采取将动物尸体予以掩埋的作法。中国传统文化观念强调「入土为安」、「吃土还土」，人民世代以农业为主，视土地为生命之本，这是汉民族根深蒂固的观念。所以不仅对于已死的亲人会倾向采取掩埋的方式，对于如同家人一般的宠物也会想以掩埋的方式对待。

这种将宠物予以掩埋的方式所可能产生的问题是，直接将尸体掩埋在土里，尸臭味可能会引起其他动物的挖掘；此外，当尸体腐败所产生的物质变化，或是尸水渗漏等之相关问题，也有污染环境之虞。

此又再加上现今人口增加，建筑物快速成长，而土地资源有限，已不胜负荷。因此在人的殡葬政策部份，政府也大力推导，企图转变传统国人的土葬观念，而建议以火葬（纳晋塔）的方式予以取代，藉此希望能普及火化的观念，进而减少墓地的使用。

是以，于考虑宠物殡葬之处理方式时，也应尽可能限缩掩埋的选项，盖鉴于土地资源有限、环境保护等需求，火化应该是一个较为适当的作法。

纵或如此，对于现有之传统掩埋的作法，法律上并无予以禁止的理由，因为这是人民的选择自由。欧盟法在规范动物尸体的处理时亦认为各相关单位可自行规范，视各地的风俗与需求而决定动物尸体究应视作废弃物予以掩埋抑或以焚烧的方式予以处理。据此，我国也不应贸然禁止掩埋的处理方式。惟有鉴于我国土地资源有限，此外掩埋对环境之影响亦是颇为巨大，所以于管制技巧方面，似乎可以考虑以价制量的作法，以较为高价的方式制约人民选择掩埋的动机；另外，对于掩埋业者也可要求更高的标准，就环境影响的深远程度、土地狭小的本土性特质、环境污染问题，以及事后捡骨程序等，详加评估后，予以严格管制。According to Chinese folklore, cats can climb trees, so they hang from the tree head when they die, cats can climb to heaven, and dogs can swim, so dogs will release water when they die, and dogs will flow to the West and reincarnate. Therefore, the custom of "dead cat hanging from tree head and dead dog releasing water" has been spread. However, such a statement not only has no scientific basis, but also will bring many environmental and ecological problems. The issue of dead dogs releasing water will affect public health and destroy ecology; The dead cat hanging from the tree head stinks, which is also shocking and hinders the view.

However, this practice implies the traditional Chinese concept of funeral. In particular, most people believe that returning animal carcasses to nature is the best practice. Therefore, many people will bury animal carcasses. Chinese traditional cultural concepts emphasize "entering the land for peace" and "eating the land for land". The people have focused on agriculture for generations and regarded land as the foundation of life, which is a deep-rooted concept of the Han nation. Therefore, not only the dead relatives will tend to be buried, but also the pets like family members will want to be buried.
The possible problem with this way of burying pets is that directly burying the corpse in the soil may cause the excavation of other animals; In addition, the material changes caused by corpse corruption or the related problems such as corpse water leakage are also likely to pollute the environment.
In addition, with the increase of population, the rapid growth of buildings and the limited land resources, it is already overloaded. Therefore, in the part of people's funeral policy, the government has also vigorously deduced in an attempt to change the traditional Chinese concept of burial, and proposed to replace it with cremation (najinta), in the hope of popularizing the concept of cremation and reducing the use of cemeteries.
Therefore, when considering the treatment of pet funeral, we should also limit the burial options as much as possible. In view of the limited land resources and environmental protection needs, cremation should be a more appropriate practice.
Even so, there is no legal reason to prohibit the existing traditional burial practice, because it is the freedom of choice of the people. When regulating the disposal of animal carcasses, EU law also believes that relevant units can regulate by themselves and decide whether animal carcasses should be buried as waste or burned according to local customs and needs. Therefore, China should not rashly prohibit the disposal of burial. However, in view of the limited land resources in China and the great impact of burial on the environment, it seems that in terms of control skills, we can consider the practice of price based quantity to restrict people's motivation to choose burial at a higher price; In addition, burial operators can also require higher standards and strictly control after detailed evaluation on the far-reaching impact on the environment, the local characteristics of narrow land, environmental pollution and post bone picking procedures.

（三）火化

相较于以上所提到的剥制和掩埋，火化应该是较为可行的作法，盖其较为简单、环保且卫生。目前市面上大部分的业者也是实行火化的方式，大多数动物医院皆可代为处理宠物遗体，而后再将之送往特约之宠慕宠物火化或公立机关火化。在此过程中较常产生的问题是，某些动物医院并未设有冷冻冰库，而其又必须等待累积一定数量之遗体、或是于特定的时间，方行转送火化场火化。因此往往是宠物往生后的数日才被送火化，而在这段期间里医院方面的处理作法就是拿双层塑料袋将宠物之遗体层层密封。这样的作法不仅令饲主难以忍受，感觉只不过是一种变相的垃圾处理，并且也会有卫生上的疑虑，假若天气太闷热、累积过多天，则尸体易有恶臭腐败的现象，此恐将造成环境污染、传染病的发生。因此必须对于动物医院接获个案时处理上的机制予以严格把关，此外对火化场的部份亦同。于火化场的部份，虽然市面上的业者多设有冷冻冰库设备，但是并无统一之规格标准；又火化过程中所产生之黑烟及异味，亦容易造成环境污染。于设备之管理上应可效法殡葬管理条例中，就殡葬设施之设置管理的规定，规划设备上可合理期待的统一标准，例如就焚化炉必须使用环保科技焚化炉、加装空气污染防治设备、定期作检测等，而执行人员必须受有专业训练课程。

火化的方式又分为集体火化以及个别火化，由于有些饲主希望能保有宠物的骨灰，因此会选择以个别火化的方式处理。个别火化的收费较贵，一般宠物安乐园内提供有火化的服务，于火化完毕之后，骨灰可带回，也可选择在园内纳骨供俸，甚至还会定期举办法会（有关宠物纳骨塔的设立会牵涉到更为复杂的问题，容后叙述）。此外，就火化后的骨灰也可采行树葬的方式，由于树葬是将火化后经特殊处理之骨灰藏纳土中，植树其上，不论景观或卫生均不会产生妨碍，应是可实行的作法。同样地，海葬也是一条可考虑的选项，因为海葬是将骨灰洒向大海、回归自然，而无浪费土地资源之虞。于国外有将骨灰再加工，转而做成肥皂等产品的作法，藉此促进资源的循环。不过于本国接受的程度应该不高。

总而言之，于考虑土地资源有限、环境保护及我国国人之殡葬风俗习惯等因素，应可肯认以火化处理往生宠物之尸体是最适切的作法，且就火化后骨灰的处理得有更多元的选择空间。惟就执行流程、作业天数、使用之设备、执行人员之专业要求等，必须有更具体详细的规定。Compared with the stripping and burying mentioned above, cremation should be a more feasible method, which is simple, environmentally friendly and hygienic. At present, most operators in the market also implement cremation. Most animal hospitals can handle pet remains on their behalf, and then send them to special pet cremation or public institutions for cremation. A common problem in this process is that some animal hospitals do not have frozen freezers, and they must wait for a certain number of remains to be accumulated or transferred to the cremation site for cremation at a specific time. Therefore, pets are often cremated a few days after their death, and during this period, the hospital's treatment method is to seal the pet's body with double-layer plastic bags. Such a practice is not only intolerable to the breeder, but also a disguised form of waste treatment. There will also be health doubts. If the weather is too muggy and accumulates for too many days, the body is prone to stink and corruption, which may cause environmental pollution and infectious diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the handling mechanism of animal hospitals when they receive cases. In addition, the same should be done for the crematorium. In the crematorium, although most operators in the market have refrigeration and ice storage equipment, there is no unified specification standard; In addition, the black smoke and peculiar smell produced in the cremation process are also easy to cause environmental pollution. In terms of equipment management, we should follow the regulations on the establishment and management of funeral facilities in the funeral management regulations, and plan the unified standards that can be reasonably expected on the equipment, such as the use of environmental protection technology incinerators for incinerators, the installation of air pollution prevention and control equipment, regular testing, etc., and the executive personnel must receive professional training courses.

Cremation can be divided into group cremation and individual cremation. Because some owners want to keep their pet's ashes, they will choose individual cremation. Individual cremation charges are more expensive. Generally, cremation services are provided in pet safety parks. After cremation, ashes can be brought back, bones can be offered in the park, and even Dharma meetings will be held regularly (the establishment of pet bone tower will involve more complex problems, which will be described later). In addition, tree burial can also be adopted for the cremated ashes. Since tree burial is to store the cremated ashes after special treatment in the soil and plant trees on them, which will not hinder the landscape or sanitation, it should be a feasible practice. Similarly, sea burial is also an option to be considered, because sea burial is to sprinkle ashes into the sea and return to nature without the risk of wasting land resources. In foreign countries, bone ash is reprocessed and turned into soap and other products, so as to promote the circulation of resources. Not too much, the degree of domestic acceptance should not be high.
In a word, considering the limited land resources, environmental protection and funeral customs of Chinese people, it should be recognized that cremation is the most appropriate way to treat the bodies of dead pets, and there should be more options for the treatment of cremated ashes. However, there must be more specific and detailed provisions on the implementation process, operation days, equipment used, professional requirements of implementation personnel, etc.