首页 > 分享 > Dr Graham Yeo宠物食品配方技术及原料选择要点

Dr Graham Yeo宠物食品配方技术及原料选择要点

萌宠菠菠乐园
2024-11-16 16:39

文档简介

Pet food formulation technology and key considerations in the selection of raw materials 宠物食品配方技术及原料选择要点Nutrition supplementation & Safety营养补充和安全Dr Graham Yeo,Introduce Premier Pet Nutrition 介绍 Premier Pet NutritionPet food formulation technology and key considerations in the selection of raw materials 宠物食品配方技术及原料选择要点Ingredients animal products, cereals, vegetable products, micronutrients & nutraceuticals 原料动物产品，谷物，蔬菜产品，微量元素和保健营养品Complete and complementary formulations完整和互补配方Wet & dry formulations干湿配方,Objectives目的,Premier Pet Nutrition,Yeo is an old English word for water and many rivers are named Yeo in SW EnglandYeo是一个古老的英文字，意为水。在英国西南部很多河流以Yeo命名。,Premier Pet Nutrition,1991 PPN Founded by young Nutritionists in England 200km from London. “Residue-free” Premix manufacture systemPPN在1991年由一些年轻英国的营养学家建立，地点是距离伦敦200千米的地方，“无残留”预混料生产体系 Medicines-free & HACCP Quality Management无药物&关键控制点质量管理SAI Global audited Universal Food Assurance SchemeSAI全球审核通用食品安全体系Supplement about 6million tonnes of animal food mostly EU在欧盟范围约供应600万吨动物食品Supply to multi-national and smaller petfood factories为多个国家和小型宠物食品厂提供产品,History 历史,Premier Pet Nutrition,Number of EU households with pets 62 M欧盟家庭宠物数量6200万Number of 数量：cats 60 M (USA 93.6M) 猫 6千万（在美国9360万）dogs 56 M (USA 77.5M) 犬 5600万（在美国7750万）birds 35 M 鸟 3500万aquaria 9 M (in approx 8% of EU households) 水生900万（大概8% 在欧盟家庭others 40 M (rabbits, rodents, reptiles etc)其它4亿（兔子，啮齿类，爬行类等） = 5Mt petfood from 450 companies ( 8.5Billion)450家公司500万吨宠物食品（约为85欧元）China 27.4 M dogs and 11M cats 中国 2740万只犬和1100万只猫,Premier Pet Nutrition,Additives eg vitamins, minerals 添加剂例如维生素和矿物质Premix blends 预混料Petfood Manufacture 宠物食品生产Distribution / Supply to retailer 分销/提供给零售商Consumed by Animal 动物食用,Role of premixing 我们的角色,Premier Pet Nutrition,Formulation配方Ingredient control 原料控制Contamination freedom 无污染Weighing, Mixing accuracy & processing 称量，混合精度/确加工Hygiene卫生Traceability可追溯性Stability of product 产品稳定性,Petfood Manufacture宠物食品生产,Premier Pet Nutrition,Biological 生物usually hygiene hazards e.g. pathogenic organisms Salmonella / Enterobacteria & mycotoxins. 通常是卫生风险，例如致病菌沙门氏菌/肠道菌和真菌毒素Physical 物理usually presence of objects which impact on animals eg. metal, glass, plastic & stones. 通常是影响动物健康的物质，例如，金属、玻璃、塑料和石头Chemical 化学presence of unwanted chemicals eg. heavy metals, medicines, pesticides, melamine.出现有害化学品，例如，重金属，药物，杀虫剂，三聚氰胺the under- or over-supply of chemicals eg. protein oil, fibre, ash缺少或过多的化学品例如，蛋白质油，纤维，灰分the under- or over-supply of other chemicals 缺少或过多的其它化学品,HACCP (Hazard at Critical Control Points) 风险关键控制点,Premier Pet Nutrition,Biological 生物Ensure cooking process to kill pathogens保障加工过程杀死病原体Pre-requisites 先决条件Hygienic procedures especially in product areas卫生程序，特别是产品区域Clean ingredients 干净的原材料Vermin control 虫害控制Separate areas for finished products and ingredients成品和原料分开存放,HACCP (Hazard at Critical Control Points)风险关键控制点,Premier Pet Nutrition,Physical 物理Good sieves at last possible stage最后阶段的筛选Metal detectors at packaging area最后阶段的金属检测Pre-requisites先决条件Sieves at various stages in process 每阶段都有筛选Maintenance routines to avoid bolts日常维护避免有螺栓掉入Glass policy玻璃方针,HACCP (Hazard at Critical Control Points) 风险关键控制点,Premier Pet Nutrition,Chemical 化学Ensure correct weighments of correct ingredients/packaging原材料和包装的正确称量Pre-requisites先决条件Ensure suppliers are capable and audited 确保供应商能力和审核Ensure balances are regularly checked and records kept (daily + maintenance)确保日常检测和记录保持（日常维护）Ensure mixer is working (CV dispersion tests on suitable markers)确保混合作业（对合适的生产商进行混合均匀度分散性实验）Acceptable cross-contamination of suitable marker合适的生产商可接受的交叉污染程度Keep traceability records and test system保持可追溯性记录和检测体系Regular testing of important feed items 饲料重要项目的定期检测protein oil, fibre, ash 蛋白质油，纤维、灰分cook, water activity 设备，水活动antioxidants/preservatives, vitamins, minerals 抗氧化剂/防腐剂，维生素，矿物质heavy metals, medicines, pesticides, melamine重金属，药物，杀虫剂，三聚氰胺,HACCP (Hazard at Critical Control Points) 风险危害控制点,Premier Pet Nutrition,All Suppliers approved 所有的供应商都应该获得批准Supplier audited (ideally to end producer / store)供方审核（最理想是到最后的生产者/储存）Suppliers registered / assured to suitable standard 供应商注册/确保达到标准）Goods receipt procedures (materials, transport hygiene, delivery paperwork, sampling & retention, Appearance of sample & NIR check)良好的接收程序（原材料，卫生，交付文件，样品情况，外观和近红外检测）Ingredients storage & transport原材料储存和运输Training of operators作业人员培训,Ingredient control 原材料控制,Ingredients,Premier Pet Nutrition,Testing materials by NIR before use在使用原材料前进行NIR检测,Quality control & Contamination freedom 质量控制和无污染,Ingredients,NIR Fingerprinting of Sodium Bicarbonate STD, Taurine and B vitamin Calcium Pantothenate,Ingredients,Digestible and adequate diet for purpose易消化和足量的饮食目的Needs ingredients of good quality & known analysis eg same as feed matrix (PN Atlas) 需要高质量原材料和明确的分析，例如饲料矩阵（PN Atlas）Meat/fish meals - test for protein, oil & ash肉/鱼粉检测蛋白质，油和灰分Cereals - clean and dry 谷物干净，干燥Legumes - test for protein, fibre and cook豆类检测蛋白质，纤维和加热程度Co-products - test for protein, fibre副产品检测蛋白质，纤维Oils & Fats - test for quality eg colour, contaminants & stability油和脂肪检测质量，例如颜色，污染物和稳定性Additives eg vitamins, minerals, preservatives, nutraceuticals etc添加剂，例如维生素，矿物质，防腐剂，保健营养品。,Ingredients provide nutrients原材料提供营养,Energy concept joules or calories能量概念焦耳或者卡路里burn oils or fats = very hot 燃烧油和脂肪=很热burn corn starch or sugar = hot 燃烧玉米秆和糖-=热burn fish = hot 燃烧鱼=热burn wood = hot? Fibre? 燃烧木材=热？纤维？Burn before and after eaten heat from food minus heat from faeces (urine, CO2 gas etc)吃之前或者之后燃烧热量来自食品减去粪便（尿，二氧化碳等）Estimated Metabolisable Energy (ME) by modified Atwater equation代谢能量通过修改阿特沃特方程,Ingredients provide nutrients原材料提供营养,Metabolisable Energy (ME) dictates food intake 代谢能量反映食物摄入量protein & essential amino acids蛋白质和重要的氨基酸essential fatty acids重要的脂肪酸essential minerals重要的矿物质Vitamins 维生素neo-essential nutrients / nutraceuticals重要的营养/保健营养品,Formulation standards 配方标准Nutrient allowances of animal NRC2006 or alternatives eg FEDIAF and AAFCO. Typically based on ME intake eg 1000kcal动物营养津贴- NRC2006或替代性物，例如FEDIAF 和AAFCO基于代谢能量摄入，例如1000kcal,Complete foods 宠物配合饲料（食品）,Formulation 配方,AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profilesa,Legal requirements tolerances on declarable items法律要求标识条款偏差标准Market requirements - GM? Cereals? Meats? Soya? High meat? No colours? 市场要求转基因?谷物?肉?大豆？多肉？无色素? Puppy/Senior/Adult/Working幼犬/年纪大犬/成犬/职业犬,Complete foods 宠物配合饲料,Formulation 配方,Balance essential nutrients v ME for complete pet foods平衡重要的营养元素和宠物配合饲料中的代谢能量,Formulation 配方,A comparison of raw materials 原材料对比 benefit of animal protein = match to pet requirements 动物蛋白的好处+满足宠物需求,Formulation 配方,Formulation 配方,Balance essential nutrients v ME for complete pet foods平衡重要的营养元素和宠物配合饲料中的代谢能量,Formulation 配方,Less necessary to balance essential nutrients v ME for complementary pet foods eg treats相对少必要平衡重要的营养元素和宠物精料补充料中的代谢能量，例如宠物零食,Formulation 配方,Essential Nutrients必要的营养素,Protein is required for 蛋白质是为了Growth and development muscle, bone etc成长和发育肌肉和骨骼等Requirement (%) drops as animals grow & develop要求（%）会随着动物生长和发育减少Maintenance turnover Activity, Hair, Immunity, Enzyme production e.g. digestive enzymes维护身体体制，毛，免疫力，酶产生，例如消化酶会下降Active animals have higher muscle protein turnover 经常活动的动物需要更高的肌肉蛋白来补充身体Cats have very high requirement for protein and favour amino acids as energy source 猫对蛋白质的要求很高，氨基酸是最合适的能量来源,Proteins are made of amino acids 蛋白质是由氨基酸构成,Protein蛋白质,Individual amino acids like bricks some are essential for special shapes 单个氨基酸就像砖块，对于特殊形状非常重要,Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins氨基酸是组成蛋白质的重要成分,Essential Fats & oils重要的脂肪和油,Other nutrients minerals其它营养素矿物质,Calcium钙Phosphorus磷Sodium钠Chloride氯Potassium钾Magnesium镁,Other nutrients trace minerals 其它营养素微量元素,Copper铜Zinc锌Iron铁Manganese锰Iodine碘Selenium硒,Other nutrients vitamins其它营养素维生素,Fat soluble vitamins脂溶性维生素A (& beta carotene胡萝卜素)DEKB-vitamins (water soluble)B族维生素（水溶性）B6 (pyridoxine 吡哆醇)B12B1 (thiamine硫胺素)B2 (riboflavin 核黄素)folic acid 叶酸pantothenic acid 泛酸Niacin 烟酸Biotin 生物素choline & betaine 胆碱和甜菜碱C (conditional in dogs),Nutraceuticals 保健营养品,Materials that have special qualities 有特殊品质的原料Antioxidants for product eg BHT or tocopherol-rich extracts of NATURAL origin产品的抗氧化剂维生素E Preservatives may not be needed if wet is sterilised and sealed and dry is below Water Activity of 0.65%. Semi-moist may need organic acid eg propionic, sorbic etc防腐剂湿性产品经过杀菌或者密封后不需要；干性产品水分少于0.65%不需要。半湿产品可能需要有机酸Colourants for human attraction only. Iron oxides may be also a nutrient色素只为吸引人。但是铁氧化物也可以是营养素 Flavours to help human identify product? Eg fish flavoured treats 调味剂帮助人识别产品？例如鱼味零食,Nutraceuticals 保健营养品,Materials that have special qualities 有特殊品质的原料Fibre sources eg Oligosaccharides (pre-biotics for gut health eg FOS/MOS, beta-glucans)纤维来源，例如寡糖 (益生元对肠道健康如低聚果糖/甘露寡糖,葡聚糖Probiotics live microflora for gut health 益生菌-活微生物群对肠道健康Herbs eg yucca (stool odour), culinary eg antioxidant bioflavonoids香草，如丝兰 (粪便臭味), 烹调用的香草，如抗氧化生物黄酮素Carnitine (for energy utilisation in Light diets)肉碱 (低能量产品的能量利用)Taurine (“amino acid” for neura