首页 > 分享 > TED学院 | 积极心理学之父塞利格曼博士：设计快乐，生活才会更幸福（音频-视频-文稿）

TED学院 | 积极心理学之父塞利格曼博士：设计快乐，生活才会更幸福（音频-视频-文稿）

萌宠菠菠乐园
2024-09-26 11:03

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演讲者：Martin E.P. Seligman 马丁·塞利格曼

演讲题目：The new era of positive psychology

中英文对照翻译

When I was President of the American Psychological Association, they tried to media-train me. And an encounter I had with CNN summarizes what I'm going to be talking about today, which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic. The editor of Discover told us 10 of them; I'm going to give you the eleventh.

我在美国心理学会担任主席的时候，有人想训练我如何应对媒体。我在CNN做节目的一次经历，正好可以概括今天我要谈论的话题，就是人们应该积极乐观的第11个理由。Discover的编辑告诉了我们前10个理由，我要来告诉你们第11个。

So they came to me, CNN, and they said, "Professor Seligman -- would you tell us about the state of psychology today? We'd like to interview you about that." And I said, "Great." And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite." I said, "Well, how many words do I get?" And she said, "Well, one."

当时CNN的人找到我，对我说：赛利格曼教授，您能不能跟我们谈谈心理学发展的现状？我们想采访你在这方面的看法。我便说：好啊。她说：可是这是CNN，所以你只能很精练地讲一小段话。我便说：那么我究竟能讲几个字？她说：一个字。

And the cameras rolled, and she said, "Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?" "Good."

随后摄像机开拍，她说：塞利格曼教授，心理学发展的现状如何? 好。

"Cut! Cut. That won't do. We'd really better give you a longer sound bite." "How many words do I get this time?" "Well, you get two." "Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?" "Not good."

停，停，这样不行，我们应该让你讲长一点，那么这次我能讲几个字呢？我看，你讲两个字吧，塞利格曼博士，心理学发展的现状如何？“不好”。

"Look, Doctor Seligman, we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium. We'd better give you a real sound bite. This time you can have three words. Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?" "Not good enough." That's what I'm going to be talking about.

听我说，塞利格曼博士，我们知道你在这种媒体场合不太适应，我们决定给足你时间，这次你可以说三个字，塞利格曼教授，心理学发展的现状如何？不够好，这也就是我今天想谈论的话题。

I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good, and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough. And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology, about entertainment and design, because I think the issues are very similar.

我想谈谈为什么说心理学既好，又不好，以及心理学在未来10年里如何可以变得足够好。同时我也想谈一谈技术、娱乐和设计，因为这些领域发展状况和心理学相似。

So, why was psychology good? Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model. Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did, they'd move away from me, because, quite rightly, they were saying psychology is about finding what's wrong with you. Spot the loony. And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me.

那么，为什么说心理学的现状好呢？因为在过去60多年里，心理学建立起了一个疾病模型，10年前，坐飞机的时候，我向邻座自我介绍，告诉他们我的职业，他们会挪得离我远一点。因为他们认为，也有理由认为，心理学的目标就是找出你哪里有问题，找出谁是疯子。而现在如果我告诉人们我的职业，他们会想凑近我。

心理学好在哪里？美国国家精神卫生研究所投资300亿美元的效果在哪里？建立疾病模型的效果在哪里？心理学自身的意义好在哪里？就在于60年前所有失调都没办法治疗，人们毫无办法。而现在其中有14种都可以治疗，其中2种还可以治愈。

And the other thing that happened is that a science developed, a science of mental illness. We found out we could take fuzzy concepts like depression, alcoholism, and measure them with rigor; that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses; that we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses. We could look across time at the same people -- people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia -- and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are, and we could isolate third variables by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.

另一点是一门科学发展起来了，一门研究精神疾病的科学。我们发现我们可以对抑郁、酗酒这些模糊的概念，进行精确的测量，我们可以对精神疾病进行分类，我们可以了解精神疾病的前因后果，我们可以在很长的时间跨度里观察一些人，比如在基因上对精神分裂症易感的人群。我们想知道后天照顾和先天基因在这其中扮演的角色，我们可以通过对这个精神疾病的实验，分离出导致精神疾病的变量。

And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years, to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments. And then we were able to test them rigorously, in random-assignment, placebo-controlled designs, throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did.

最棒的一点是，在过去50年里，我们发明了药物疗法和心理疗法。并且我们可以通过安慰剂对照组实验，对这些疗法进行精确的测试，把没用的去掉，留下有用的。

The conclusion of that is, psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable. And I think that's terrific. I'm proud of it. But what was not good, the consequences of that, were three things.

结论是：在过去的60年里，心理学和精神病学研究，真的可以为痛苦的人减少痛苦。我觉得这非常棒，我为此感到自豪。但这也带来不好的东西，例如以下三个后果。

The first was moral; that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers; that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble, bricks fell on you. And we forgot that people made choices and decisions. We forgot responsibility. That was the first cost.

第一个是道德上的。心理学家和精神病学家把人当作受害者研究、把人病态化，我们一度认为人在疾病面前无能为力。我们忘了人们是会做选择、做决定的，我们忘记了人是可以承担责任的，这是第一个代价。

The second cost was that we forgot about you people. We forgot about improving normal lives. We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier, more fulfilled, more productive. And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word. No one works on that.

第二根损失是我们忘记了你们这些人。我们忘记了要去提高正常人的生活，我们忘了使正常人更快乐、更充实、更有成就。天才、高智商变成了贬义词，没有人去研究天才了。

And the third problem about the disease model is, in our rush to do something about people in trouble, in our rush to do something about repairing damage, it never occurred to us to develop interventions to make people happier -- positive interventions.

疾病模型的第三个问题，是我们急于帮助得病的人。我们匆忙地去修补损伤，我们从没想过要发展干预措施、积极的干预措施，让人们更加快乐。

So that was not good. And so that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert, Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself to work in something I call, "positive psychology," which has three aims. The first is that psychology should be just as concerned with human strength as it is with weakness. It should be just as concerned with building strength as with repairing damage. It should be interested in the best things in life. And it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling, and with genius, with nurturing high talent.

这是不好的。正因为如此，南茜•艾特柯夫、丹•吉尔伯特、迈克•齐克森米哈里还有我本人，会去研究我称作“积极心理学”的这个领域。积极心理学有三个目标，第一是心理学不仅要关注人的弱点，还要关注人的优势，不仅要致力于修复损伤，还要致力于给人力量。应该对生活中最好的东西感兴趣，应该在关注病人的同时，努力让正常人以及“天才”们的生活更加美好。

So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future, we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology, a science of what makes life worth living. It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness. And any of you, for free, can go to that website -- [www.authentichappiness.org] and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.

我们希望积极心理学在未来能像过去10年这样，作为一门科学逐渐发展起来。这门科学研究什么让生活变得值得一过，研究发现我们可以测量不同形式的幸福，你们中的每一位都可以免费去那个网站authentichappiness.org，去做那里各种各样的幸福感测试。

You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning, for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people? We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities: a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio, how they're defined, how to diagnose them, what builds them and what gets in their way. We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states, the relationship between left hemispheric activity and right hemispheric activity, as a cause of happiness.

你们可以看看自己在积极情绪、幸福感、“心流”方面的得分，并和其他数万人进行比较，我们创造了和精神障碍诊断与统计相反的标准。我们对人的优势和优点进行性别上的分类，研究它们的定义、诊断方式，它们的构造、它们面临的障碍，我们发现我们可以找到积极状态的来源，存在于左半脑活动，和右半脑活动之间的联系。

I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people, and I've asked the question: How do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you? And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people. How do they differ from the rest of us?

我一辈子都在帮助特别痛苦的人。我一直想知道，特别痛苦的人和其他人有什么区别？大约六年前，我们转而问，特别幸福的人和其他人有什么区别？

It turns out there's one way, very surprising -- they're not more religious, they're not in better shape, they don't have more money, they're not better looking, they don't have more good events and fewer bad events. The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social. They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning. They don't spend time alone. Each of them is in a romantic relationship and each has a rich repertoire of friends.

结果是只有一个区别，他们不比别人更笃信宗教，身材不比别人好，他们不比别人富裕，也不比别人好看。他们的生活中并不是成功比挫折多，他们唯一的区别是非常善于和人相处，他们不喜欢在星期六早晨去上研讨班（笑声）他们很少一个人待着，他们每个人都沉浸在浪漫的爱情里，每个人都有很多朋友。

But watch out here -- this is merely correlational data, not causal, and it's about happiness in the first, "Hollywood" sense, I'm going to talk about, happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer. And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough, in just a moment. We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries, from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.

但是要小心，刚才这些数据只是互相关联，并不是因果关系。而且他们的幸福都是好莱坞式的幸福，即开怀大笑式的幸福。我待会就会告诉你们，这是不够的，从佛祖到托尼•罗宾斯（美国潜能激励大师）。

About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy. And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them, and we actually carry out random-assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies. That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier? In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.

人们在过去一个世纪里，从各个角度已经提出过大约120种，据说能让人更加幸福的干预措施，我们已经可以操作其中的许多种，我们可以进行随机指派，研究这些干预措施的有效性。也就是说，究竟哪些措施真的可以让人们持久提升幸福感？过一会儿我会告诉你们这些研究的结果。

But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have, in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill, and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable, is, can psychology actually make people happier? And to ask that question -- "happy" is not a word I use very much -- we've had to break it down into what I think is askable about "happy." And I believe there are three different -- I call them "different" because different interventions build them, it's possible to have one rather than the other -- three different happy lives.

在治疗有心理疾病的人之外，在为痛苦的人减少痛苦之外，心理学还应该，让人更加幸福。我并不经常使用幸福这个词，但是要问这个问题，我们得把幸福这个概念分解一下。我认为有三种不同的幸福人生，之所以说它们不同，是因为他们来自于不同的干预措施，人们可以拥有其中一种而不拥有另一种。

The first happy life is the pleasant life. This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can, and the skills to amplify it. The second is a life of engagement: a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure; time stops for you. That's what Aristotle was talking about. And third, the meaningful life. I want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them.

第一种幸福生活是快乐的人生，在这样的生活里你的积极情感多得不能再多了，你增强这些感情的技能也多的不能再多了。第二种是参与的人生，你努力地工作、带孩子、恋爱、休闲，时间为你停止，亚里士多德谈过的就是这种人生。第三种是有意义的人生，我想简单谈一谈这三种人生，以及我们的研究情况。

The first life is the pleasant life, and it's simply, as best we can find it, it's having as many of the pleasures as you can, as much positive emotion as you can, and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them, that stretch them over time and space. But the pleasant life has three drawbacks, and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology, and why it doesn't end here.

第一种人生是愉快的人生，你所拥有的快乐多得不能再多了，你的积极情绪多得不能再多了。你学习快乐的技巧，在时间和空间里放大快乐，但是快乐的人生有三个缺点，这也就是积极心理学区别于“快乐心理学”的地方。

The first drawback is, it turns out the pleasant life, your experience of positive emotion, is about 50 percent heritable, and, in fact, not very modifiable. So the different tricks that Matthieu and I and others know about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it. Second is that positive emotion habituates. It habituates rapidly, indeed. It's all like French vanilla ice cream: the first taste is 100 percent; by the time you're down to the sixth taste, it's gone. And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable.

第一个缺点是，你所体会到的积极情绪有50%是遗传的，这种情绪不容易更改。所以马修和我还有其他人，所使用的让人们有更多积极情绪的方法，有15%到20%都是在遗传范围内让人们发掘潜质的小把戏。第二个缺点是人们很快就能适应积极情绪，就像法式香草冰淇凌，第一口是100%的美味，但到了第六口，就没有味道了。第三点，正如我说过的，积极情绪很难改变。

And this leads to the second life. I have to tell you about my friend Len, to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion, more than building pleasure. In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30, Len was enormously successful. The first arena was work.

下面就要谈一谈第二种人生了。我得跟你们说说我的朋友兰，让你们知道积极心理学不仅是关于积极情绪，不仅是要创造快乐。还没到30岁，兰就在生活三个方面中的两个取得了巨大成功，第一个是工作方面。

By the time he was 20, he was an options trader. By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire and the head of an options trading company. Second, in play, he's a national champion bridge player. But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure. And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish.

不到20岁他就是个期权交易家，不到25岁他就成了百万富翁，同时是一家期权交易公司的经理。第二个是休闲方面：他是全国桥牌比赛冠军，但是在第三个方面，爱情，兰却彻底失败，原因就在于他对人非常冷淡（像一条冷冰冰的鱼）。

Len is an introvert. American women said to Len, when he dated them, "You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost." And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst, who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him. But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma. It turned out that -- Len grew up in Long Island and he played football and watched football, and played bridge. Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities.

兰是个内向的人，他和美国女子约会的时候，她们说，你不风趣，你没有积极情绪，滚开。幸好兰有足够的钱请教最好的心理分析学家，这位心理分析学家花了五年的时间想找到，把兰内心积极情绪封闭起来的性创伤，但其实什么也找不到。事实上，兰在纽约长岛长大，他玩橄榄球，看橄榄球比赛，还玩桥牌，兰属于积极情感最差的5%人群。

The question is: Is Len unhappy? And I want to say, not. Contrary to what psychology told us about the bottom 50 percent of the human race in positive affectivity, I think Len is one of the happiest people I know. He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness, and that's because Len, like most of you, is enormously capable of flow. When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange at 9:30 in the morning, time stops for him. And it stops till the closing bell. When the first card is played till 10 days later, when the tournament is over, time stops for Len.

问题是：兰不幸福吗？我不觉得他不幸福，和心理学家关于人类积极情感较差的50%人群。相关研究成果恰恰相反，我觉得兰是我认识的最幸福的人之一，他并没有特别的不幸福。这是因为兰和你们中的大多数一样，非常善于“心流”，当他在早上9：30走进美国交易所的时候，时间仿佛停止了，直到交易所关门，当他开始打桥牌的时候，时间仿佛停止了，直到10天后比赛结束。

And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi has been talking about, about flow. And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way: pleasure has raw feel -- you know it's happening; it's thought and feeling. But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow ... you can't feel anything. You're one with the music. Time stops. You have intense concentration. And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life. And we think there's a recipe for it, and it's knowing what your highest strengths are -- again, there's a valid test of what your five highest strengths are -- and then re-crafting your life to use them as much as you possibly can. Re-crafting your work, your love, your play, your friendship, your parenting.

这也就是迈克·齐克森米哈里所说的“心流”，这和普通的快乐很不一样。快乐的时候，你能感觉到自己的快乐，但是迈克昨天在“心流”里告诉你的事情，你现在就感觉不到了，你全身心投入音乐中，时间停止了，你非常集中注意力。我们认为这是美好生活的特征，我们还认为达到这样的生活有诀窍，那就是了解你最大的优势。对了，有一个挺准的测试，测你最大的五个优势，然后尽量多地用这些优势重新塑造你的生活，你的工作，你的爱情，你的休闲，你的友谊，你和孩子相处的方式。

Just one example. One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's. Hated the job. She's working her way through college. Her highest strength was social intelligence. So she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her the social highlight of every customer's day. Now, obviously she failed. But what she did was to take her highest strengths, and re-craft work to use them as much as possible. What you get out of that is not smiley-ness. You don't look like Debbie Reynolds. You don't giggle a lot. What you get is more absorption.

举一个例子：我曾经研究过一个在商店里工作的装袋工。她很不喜欢这份工作，她同时在读大学，她最大的优势是善于交际，所以她很努力地，让每个客人见到她就一整天心情好，很显然她失败了，但是她随后用在工作上尽量多地重新利用她最大的优势。你从中得到的并不是微笑，你看起来不像黛比·雷诺斯，你不经常咯咯地笑，你得到的是更加投入的精神。

So, that's the second path. The first path, positive emotion; the second path is eudaemonian flow; and the third path is meaning. This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally. And meaning, in this view, consists of -- very parallel to eudaemonia -- it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are, and using them to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are.

这就是那第二条路，第一条路是积极情绪，第二条路是“幸福之流”，第三条路是意义，这在传统意义上是幸福最令人肃然起敬的部分。正如第二条路，这里所说的意义，是指你要知道你最大的优势在哪里，并利用它们。你要在比自我更大的事业里找到归属感。

I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives -- the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life -- people are now hard at work on the question: Are there things that lastingly change those lives? And the answer seems to be yes. And I'll just give you some samples of it. It's being done in a rigorous manner. It's being done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works. So we do random-assignment, placebo-controlled, long-term studies of different interventions.

我刚才提到了三种生活，快乐的生活，参与的生活，有意义的生活，人们很想知道，真的有东西可以持久地改变我们的生活吗？答案看来是肯定的。我来举几个例子，我们做很严密的测试，就像我们测验哪些药物有效一样。我们随机分配，有些人分在服用安慰剂的控制组，我们用各种干预措施做长期研究，想找到有效果的干预措施。

Just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect: when we teach people about the pleasant life, how to have more pleasure in your life, one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills, the savoring skills, and you're assigned to design a beautiful day. Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day, and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures. And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.

我们向被测试者介绍什么是快乐的生活，如何在生活中找到更多快乐，你的任务之一是利用你的细心和风趣，来设计美好的一天，把下个星期六空出来，给自己设计美好的一天，用风趣和细心增强这些快乐。我们可以证明，如此快乐感真的提升了。

Gratitude visit. I want you all to do this with me now, if you would. Close your eyes. I'd like you to remember someone who did something enormously important that changed your life in a good direction, and who you never properly thanked. The person has to be alive. Now, OK, you can open your eyes. I hope all of you have such a person. Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit, is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person, call them on the phone in Phoenix, ask if you can visit, don't tell them why. Show up at their door, you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens. And what happens is, when we test people one week later, a month later, three months later, they're both happier and less depressed.

另一项干预措施是感恩访问，现在如果你愿意，请跟着我做。闭上眼睛，我要你记起一个曾经做过很重要的事情，一个往好的方向改变了你一生，而你从来没有正式感谢过的人，必须是个还健在的人。现在，好的，睁开眼睛，我希望你们每个人都找到了这么一个人，你在完成感恩访问这个任务的时候，得给那个人写一封300字的感谢信，给他们打电话，跟他们说你要拜访他们，不要说为什么，登门就行了。然后你读感谢信给他们听——每个人在这种情况下都会掉眼泪，一个星期之后，一个月之后，三个月之后，我们再进行测试，发现这些人变得更开心、不那么抑郁了。

Another example is a strengths date, in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths on the strengths test, and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths. We find this is a strengthener of relationships. And fun versus philanthropy. It's so heartening to be in a group like this, in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy. Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this, so we actually have people do something altruistic and do something fun, and contrast it. And what you find is when you do something fun, it has a square wave walk set. When you do something philanthropic to help another person, it lasts and it lasts. So those are examples of positive interventions.

另一个例子是优势约会，我们找来一对对伴侣，让他们在优势测试中明确自己最大的优势。然后我们为他们设计一个双方都能利用自己优势的夜晚，我们发现这样可以增进他们的关系，“趣味对慈善”也是一种方法。这种方法对在座各位不大适用，因为你们中的很多人已经投身慈善了。不过，我教的本科生和我的测试对象还不了解这其中的奥妙，于是我让他们做些帮助他人的事，再做些有趣的事，进行比较。你会发现，当你做有趣的事的时候，快乐很快消退，当你慈善地帮助别人的时候，快乐的感觉长久不退，这些就是积极干预的例子。

So the next to last thing I want to say is: we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have. This is really what you're about. And that's our target variable. And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives, how much life satisfaction do you get? So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications, involving thousands of people: To what extent does the pursuit of pleasure, the pursuit of positive emotion, the pleasant life, the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you, and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction?

我想说的倒数第二件事情是，我们很感兴趣人们有多满意自己的人生，这是我们要寻找的目标变量。我们把这个问题当作三种不同人生的相互作用，你有多满意你的人生？我们在15个副本里研究了几千个人，我们想知道，对快乐的追求，对积极情绪、快乐生活的追求，对参与的追求、对忘记时间的状态的追求，对人生意义的追求，在何种程度上影响我们对人生的满意度？

And our results surprised us; they were backward of what we thought. It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction. The pursuit of meaning is the strongest. The pursuit of engagement is also very strong. Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement and you have meaning, then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry. Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts, if you've got all three. Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life, the sum is less than the parts.

结果出人意料，研究显示，对快乐的追求基本上不影响我们对人生的满意度，对意义的追求影响最大，对参与的追求影响也很大。如果你已经到达了参与和有意义的状态，那么快乐就可以给你的人生锦上添花，也就是说如果三者都有。完整的人生超过各个部分的总和，相反地，如果这三者你都没有，生活就比各个部分的总和还要空虚。

And what we're asking now is: Does the very same relationship -- physical health, morbidity, how long you live and productivity -- follow the same relationship? That is, in a corporation, is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning? Is health a function of positive engagement, of pleasure, and of meaning in life? And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes.

我们现在要问的是，身体健康、患病率，寿命、生产力等，是否也存在同样的现象？比如在一家公司里，生产力是积极情绪、奋斗和意义的共同作用吗？健康是积极情绪、快乐，和意义的共同作用吗？我们有理由相信两者的答案可能都是肯定的。

So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance to try to integrate what he heard, and so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this. I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much, which was one of the remarkable things. But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel to the problems of technology, entertainment and design in the following way: we all know that technology, entertainment and design have been and can be used for destructive purposes.

克里斯说最后一个发言的人有机会把他之前听到的综合起来，这对我来说太棒了。我从没参加过像这样的聚会，我从没见过演讲者发挥得这么厉害，这是非常值得称赞的。但是我发现心理学面临的问题很像，科技、娱乐和设计所面临的问题。比如，我们都知道科技、娱乐和设计都可以用作毁灭性目的，它们也确实这样做过。

We also know that technology, entertainment and design can be used to relieve misery. And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery and building happiness is extremely important. I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago, that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed, not anxious, not angry, that I'd make them happy. And I never found that; I found the best you could ever do was to get to zero; that they were empty.

我们也知道科技、娱乐和设计，都可以用来减少痛苦。顺便说一下，减少痛苦和创造幸福，之间是有区别的，而且区别很重要，30年前我刚开始从医的时候，我想如果我有能力给人减少抑郁，减少焦虑，减少愤怒，那我就让他们快乐了。事实并非如此，最佳疗效只能是让病人归零，但他们内心空虚。

And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life, the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning, are different from the skills of relieving misery. And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment and design, I believe. That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world to increase happiness, to increase positive emotion. And that's typically how they've been used. But once you fractionate happiness the way I do -- not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough -- there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life. As Laura Lee told us, design and, I believe, entertainment and technology, can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well.

其实快乐的技能、快乐生活的技能，参与的技能、找到意义的技能，和减少痛苦的技能是不一样的。我相信，同样的情况，也存在于科技、娱乐和设计上，也就是说，这三种动力都能用来增加，人们的幸福感和积极情绪，人们也确实在这样使用它们，但是如果你像我一样分解快乐，你会发现快乐不只是积极情绪——那是不够的——快乐还包括生活的心流以及人生的意义。正如劳拉莉告诉我们的，设计、娱乐和科技，也可以用来增强人生的意义和参与。

So in conclusion, the eleventh reason for optimism, in addition to the space elevator, is that I think with technology, entertainment and design, we can actually increase the amount of tonnage of human happiness on the planet. And if technology can, in the next decade or two, increase the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life, it will be good enough. If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion, meaning eudaemonia, it will be good enough. And if design can increase positive emotion, eudaemonia, and flow and meaning, what we're all doing together will become good enough.

所以，总而言之，在“太空升降机”的概念以外，乐观向上的第11个理由，就是我们可以利用科技、娱乐和设计，增加这个星球上，人类幸福的分量。如果科技能在接下来的十年或者二十年里增加人们快乐的生活，参与的生活，和有意义的生活，就足够好了，如果娱乐也可以增加积极情绪，人生意义，以及幸福感，就足够好了。如果设计也可以增加积极情绪，幸福感，心流，还有人生意义，那我们共同做的这一切就会足够好了，谢谢大家。

Remark：一切权益归TED所有，更多TED相关信息可至官网www.ted.com查询！

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