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儿童马术骑乘 Riding for Children

萌宠菠菠乐园
2024-09-27 06:32

儿童马术骑乘

作者：Lena Rindermann

德国A级认证教练，CIC三项赛二星,2019年1月将出任德国马协出版社管理主任。

给孩子的父母、教练和老师们的信息

无论是矮马或大马，它们对孩子来说都很有吸引力！很多孩子，尤其是女孩儿，想要学习骑马。而事实上，骑马对于孩子们来说确实是一件很有趣的爱好，对于他/她们的身心发育成长

和社会能力都有帮助。

学习如何骑马——家长要知道些什么？

你的孩子有没有常常谈论马的事儿？他/她们的房间里是不是到处都有马的图片？他/她想将每一匹见到的小马都领回家？这些都说明你的孩子很爱马。别担心，你的孩子可没有生病，这只是一种奇妙关系的开始，而这种关系永远没尽头。一旦他/她爱上了马，他/她就永远成为马迷。如果你打算让孩子开始骑马，你将为孩子打开一个全新的世界，而这会令他/她受益终生。马会成为孩子们的朋友并给予安慰；马能让孩子自信，让孩子超越自我。在我们这个日新月异的技术世界中，孩子们通过马接触“自然”。与马的接触会要求并鼓励孩子们具有责任心和独立性，洞察力和同理心。研究证明，马和矮马对儿童和年轻人有重大的积极影响！

学习如何骑马——教练的信息

市场需求清楚地表明：提供计划与课程骑术学校与俱乐——特别是针对儿童的骑术计划与课程的——在哪里都是缺失的。一方面，市场没有充分认识到这种需求，另一方面，目标群体“幼儿”对教练员与设施有着特殊要求。教练员扮演着中心角色。一个俱乐部可能拥有最好的矮马和最好的适合孩子的设施——但是，如果这里没有一名好的教练，那么一切都是徒劳！只有通过教练，才能将成功的进行骑马课，并让孩子与家长满意。

1.专业资格

通常，每位进行骑术教学的人——无论你的学员是孩子、青少年、或成人、初学者或是高级骑手——都应当具备专业的教学资格。这将确保教练的质量！除了常规的教练员课程外，德国马术协会FN还提供特殊的培训认证，以满足孩子们对于教练的额外要求。这种特别的“儿童骑术课程”资格侧重于孩子们与马/矮马的熟悉，并在某些教学内容上开展孩子的骑术学习。

课程内容包括与矮马的初步接触与感觉训练、不同年龄组的课程计划安排、游戏与骑术认证课程，等等主题。

2. 作为一名儿童马术教练，需要具备哪些？

他们应当：

有教孩子的经验要有同情心，鼓励孩子，不要对孩子要求太多诚实可信有创造力，因为孩子们喜欢多样性有资质，愿意不断学习变得更好知道自己是孩子的榜样懂得如何与父母互动

3.哪些课程内容是有用的？

许多骑术学校接收3岁及以上的儿童，为他们提供专门的儿童课程。对于上幼儿园和小学的孩子来说，骑术课通常更多的是发挥孩子们爱玩的天性。而在这个过程中，必须针对儿童不同阶段的运动能力、认知能力和情感能力的发展情况进行充分的考虑。德国马术协会FN提供丰富多样的资料可供教练们选用来进行课程规划。

4.怎样才是一匹好的教学PONY？在哪里能找到？

如果你计划为年龄很小的孩子提供课程，俱乐部得有矮马。小孩儿配小马——矮马。无论是骑马，还是与马在一起，合适的人马比例都是很重要的。除了矮马的尺寸外，它的性格也很重要。对于初学小骑手来说，矮马应当安静、温柔、有好奇心且喜爱孩子。总之，它应当给人以满意的印象。而一匹总是在给它刷毛时耳朵向后背，甚至会咬人，或者是无法让孩子牵领的矮马都不适于给孩子们使用。俱乐部相关设施对马的自然需求考虑的越多，那么这些四条腿的老师们就越安静和开心。因此，重要的是所有的教学马和教学矮马都要有在足够的室外自由活动的机会，彼此接触交流。另外，每一匹马/矮马都应有它们各自的刷马工具与骑乘装备，而且所有的装备应当状况良好，孩子们能够轻易取到。

学习骑马——俱乐部和训练中心须知

俱乐部低估了幼儿市场的增涨

儿童马术项目的需求是巨大的——远远大于供给。那些迎合小马友们的俱乐部生意兴隆，几乎不需要任何市场营销。对于马术俱乐部来说，小孩子们是一个被低估的成长中的市场。因此，无论是马术俱乐部还是马术中心都不能放弃这一目标群体。人口结构的发展及其结果加速了这些发现，即：对于马术运动和“马术”爱好来说，不断地扩大对孩子们的供应是至关重要的。孩子们将从事什么爱好和运动，在他们很小的时候就决定了。大多数其他运动已经认识到这一趋势，并已经围绕孩子们展开了竞争。

理所当然地，俱乐部需要先具备了某些先决条件之后，它才能为这一目标群体提供很好的方案，最重要的是：基础设施必须适合孩子- 包括设施、教练、教学马、装备和鞍具。

设施特点：

安全方面必须确保（如：封闭的骑乘空间）专为孩子使用的鞍具、装备和结构完美的卫生设施面向儿童的理论课学习材料德国马术协会颁发的马房认证（FN的白绿标）

儿童骑术课

儿童不只是小个的成人，他们是不断发展的个体，其身体、认知和心理需求方面在不断发生变化。儿童和青少年通常没有成年人那么强壮，但通常比成年人的平衡性和直觉更好。对于孩子来说，协调性（包括中枢神经系统在内的肌肉的相互作用）的学习永远不嫌“太早”，而是“太晚”。如果他们在青春期之前尚未学习运动模式，那么在其更加年长后学习运动模式会困难得多！与成年人相比，孩子是在不断成长的。因此，针对他们的训练要根据其所处的年龄与身体发育阶段所能承受的压力与集中力情况而进行调整。孩子天性开朗，乐于结交新朋友，好奇心重且好学，有很强的上进心。这些都是在为孩子设计骑术课时要考虑到的。

儿童教学的具体特点

儿童的运动训练是为了满足他们整个人格的发展。因此，孩子的教练应始终考虑儿童和青少年运动员体育训练的具体特点。重要的基础是：

儿童的体育训练……

主要是好玩有趣的训练。以孩子为中心的围绕马或在马背上的游戏和运动是重点。通过多样化的训练，促进全身健康的运动发展实现技术学习与“社会性”培训的统一。在马术运动中，不存在简单的技术学习，因为这其中总是包括马伙伴和马的需求在内的。以一种社交的方式进行，因为与马接触以及各种小组练习活动会教授孩子们社会规范、规则和行为模式进行各种积极的体验，是娱乐，也是冒险，要在温暖、关怀和包容的氛围中进行

初次接触，信任与安全

·弄清骑马的动机（即：你为什么要骑马？）；同时，还要倾听父母对于孩子的期望是什么。

·发展与“马伙伴”的关系：在马厩里、在野外、在赛场上，触摸马、表扬马、观察马等等，从而减少心中的恐惧和身体上的拘谨，与新的社会伙伴“马”建立关系并获得信任，识别和学习马的行为，了解马匹护理和刷马方面的基础知识。

·从一开始就将马包括在课程中。孩子们需要在无鞍情况下体验马的运动感觉，但要使用带扶手的体操肚带。孩子们也可以只是牵牵马或是给马打圈。

·教练应该从一开始就努力营造一种信任的氛围。

·第一次骑行由教练牵马进行，然后是打圈课，小组课要在更晚些阶段进行。这样的顺序可以让每一个年龄段组的骑手都有信心。

·教练应注意所有孩子间的彼此相处，以及与他们与教练间的相处。教练既要在小组内营造氛围，也要在教练和孩子之间建立融洽的个人关系，孩子能自由谈论他们的担心与恐惧。

·由一名高级骑手带领一些水平高的初学者进行小组骑乘，保持正确的速度，走正确的训练线路。

动力——“心理引擎”

多样化、创造性和精彩的课程尤为重要。必须尽可能地讨论和考虑孩子的需求和目标的设定（例如，野外骑乘、障碍课、谈论恐惧或特定问题等）。激励孩子们更多地进行随后的课程，在每一节课结束时，每个孩子表现好的地方要提出来，而不足的地方，要用专业方式进行解决，强调所获得的技能（按初学者所在的水平）。

如何帮助孩子产生“动力”（举例）：

·运动本身的乐趣，感受马的动态、力量和大小

·当兴奋时享受过程，比如：比赛中的附加赛中

·寻求身体上的挑战和克服个人的局限，例如：进行困难路线的障碍跳跃和越野骑乘

·寻求冒险，如跳跃越野障碍

·寻找社会认可

·努力表现并自我肯定

·愿望的转移和多样化，结交朋友和社交、友情；在马术运动中，孩子既能在一个团队中练习，还能在个人比赛中获得个人成功。或者可以作为团队的一员参与竞争，努力为团队获取最高分。

有趣好玩的骑坐训练

·在打圈课中，要注意进行不同骑坐形式的训练（舞步骑坐，障碍骑坐，速度赛骑坐）。一般来说，打圈课程应该以固定间隔的方式包含在骑手的教育中。即使是高级骑手也会从定期进行的打圈骑坐练习中受益。

·在各种游戏（有马和没马的）的帮助下，小骑手能练习找到平衡和独立的骑坐。从技术游戏到速度游戏，以团队、双人或个人等方式进行，无论是年纪小的或年长的初学骑手都总是能从中受益：无论是套袋跑、呼啦圈、平衡球，还是没有马的摇摇晃晃比赛，比如，曲线赛，鸡蛋赛，接力赛等，或者骑手从马上弯腰取物的比赛。项目的选择是无止境的，可以根据年龄组和各自情况进行选择。而此时，教练对于人类运动相互作用的知识是必不可少的。

·放松技巧，比如呼吸练习或体操练习(手臂环绕)，可以防止紧张，解决注意力分散和骑坐问题。

·如果骑坐发生错误，可能表明某个身体部位或肌肉薄弱，要进行体操练习（无马时的体操练习也要进行）进行改善。对于因为缺乏运动而导致的协调困难，并因此无法达到所要求进行的运动动作的孩子，必须考虑使用特殊的练习。

马术运动中的男孩子

参与马术运动的男孩越来越少。男孩子们把骑马看作是和其它马一起玩的机会，进行更狂野、更冒险、更有竞争性的骑马活动。这时，马变成了亲密的玩伴。一般来说，多数男孩不会从盛装舞步或马背体操得到乐趣。他们想要像牛仔和印第安人一样骑马：没有繁琐的基本马术技能练习，而是尽快进入大自然中。盛装舞步必须看起来更像牛仔竞技表演。他们想和其他男孩竞争，通过挑战，骑得又快又野，寻求冒险。刷马的必要程序对于男孩来说常常只是一个不可避免的苦差事儿。但，男孩一般不觉得骑马会无聊或老套，而且，与男孩在这个年龄段明确拒绝某些活动相比，他们也不认为骑马是“仅限女孩”的。同样，女孩子不认为骑马只是女孩的专项活动，她们也喜欢男孩骑马，只是她们不想和男孩子一起骑马。在小学阶段，男孩和女孩都喜欢和同性群体一起活动。所以，在这个年龄时，与志趣相投的同性别孩子一起骑马对他/她们来说很重要。这是他们期盼的最好的与马一起或骑马的体验。但是，这并不是说，女孩子不喜欢参加比赛。事实上，如果她们喜欢，她们会和男孩子们一样地喜欢。所以，不要认为类似的课程女孩可能不感兴趣就不为她们也提供：对冒险的热爱与性别无关。女孩和男孩只是以不同的方式来体验和感受不同的马术活动。

鼓励男孩们加入马术运动的具体策略：

·男孩必须在很小的时候就被激活(幼儿园或小学)

·组建独立的男孩群体

·对男孩的马术教育必须更加多样化、丰富多彩、以竞赛为导向

·还应该为男孩提供其他与马有关的休闲活动，促进社交

·男孩需要榜样激励，主要是男性榜样

·马术运动媒体不能仅仅去迎合女孩

编译：MZ

Riding for Children

Writer: Lena Rindermann

（German Trainer A, CIC**experience,new managing director of FN publishing house from Jan. 2019.）

Info for Parents, Trainers, and Teachers

Ponies and horses are fascinating. Many children, especially girls, want tolearn how to ride. And, indeed, riding is a wonderful hobby for children, whichwill support them in their physical, mental, and social development.

Learning how to ride – what parentswant to know

Your child keeps talkingabout horses? Their room is full of horse pictures? They want to pet everypony? Then your child is in love with horses. Don’t worry, your child is notill, it is just the beginning of a wonderful relationship, a relationship thatwill never end. Those who have fallen in love with horses once, will remain ahorse lover forever. If you would like to make riding possible for your child,you will open up an entire new world from which your child will benefit itsentire life. Horses can be friends and give comfort. Horses make childrenself-confident, it will make your child surpass itself. Horses offer aconnection to “nature” in our evermore technological world. Contact with thehorse requires and encourages responsibility and independence, perceptivenessand empathy. Research has proven that horses and ponies have a major positiveinfluence on children and young adults.

Learning how to ride – infofor trainers

The market demand clearly shows: riding schools and clubs that offerprograms and lessons especially for children are missing everywhere. On the onehand, the market has not sufficiently recognized this demand, on the otherhand, the target group “little children“ lay down special requirements fortrainers and facilities. The trainer plays a central role. A club may have thebest ponies and the best child-appropriate facility – if you don’t have a goodtrainer, this is all for nothing. Only the trainer will take care that youroffer is successfully received by satisfied children and parents.

1. Professional Qualifications

Generally, everyone teaching riding – whether your students arechildren, teenagers, or adults, beginners or advanced riders – should have aprofessional qualification for teaching. This will ensure the quality of thetrainer! In addition to their regular trainer programs, FN also offers aspecial certification to fulfill the demands that children place on trainers.This special qualification “Children’s Riding Lessons” focuses on thefamiliarization of children with horses/ponies and teaching riding undercertain pedagogical aspects. Contents of the course include topics such asinitial contact and sensonry training with the pony, lesson plan for differentage groups, games, and Performance Medals.

2. Which personal requirements should a trainer for children fulfill?

They should:

have experience teaching children be empathic and encourage children without asking too much be honest and authentic be creative since children like diversity be qualified and continuously willing to learn and get better know that they are role-models know how to interact with the parents

3. Which offers and lessons concepts are useful? Manyriding schools that offer programs for children accept children 3 years andolder. Actual riding lessons for children in kindergarden and elementary schoolare usually of a more playful nature. The differently developed motor,cognitive, and emotional skills of children must be strongly considered. FNoffers a variety of materials that trainers can use to plan lessons.

4. What is a good school pony and where can they be found?

If you are planning to offer lesson programs for very young and smallchildren, your facility should have ponies. Small children belong on smallhorses – ponies. The right proportions are just as important for riding theyare for handling the horse. Next to the size of the pony, its character alsoplays a role. A pony for beginner riders should be calm, gentle, and curious,and it should love children. It should give a satisfied impression. A pony thatalways pins its ears back when it’s brushed, that may even bite, or a pony thatwill not be led by children, may not be suitable as a children’s pony. The morethe facility considers the horse’s natural needs, the more calm and happy thefour-legged teachers will be. Therefore, it is important that all school horsesand ponies have enough free movement opportunities outside and contact withother horses. In addition, every horse/pony should have their own groomingequipment and tack. All equipment should be in a good state and accessible tochildren.

Learning to ride – info forclubs and facilities

Small children are an underestimated growing marketfor clubs

The demand for riding programs for young children is large – larger thanthe supply. Those clubs that cater to young horse lovers are flourishing andhardly need any marketing. Small children are an underestimated growing marketfor riding clubs. As a result, neither riding clubs nor equestrian facilitiescan afford to forego this target group. Demographics developments and itsresults have accelerated these findings: for equestrian sports and the hobby“riding“, the continuous expansion of offers for small children are of centralimportance. Which hobby and which sport children will take to, is decided veryearly in a child’s life. Most other sports have recognized this trend andcompetition has developed around the children. Naturally, certain pre-requisites are required to be able to make a goodoffer for this target group. Most of all, the infrastructure must bechild-appropriate – including facility, trainer, school horses, tack andequipment.

Features of the facility:

safety aspects must be ensured (e.g. enclosed riding space) child-oriented tack, equipment, and structure flawless sanitary facilities child-oriented learning material for theory lessons Stable Certificate of the German Equestrian Federation (white-green sign of FN)

Riding lessons for children

Children are not just small adults, but continuously developing individualswith constantly changing anatomical, cognitive, and mental requirements.Children and teenagers usually have less strength, but very often more balanceand intuition than adults. For children to learn coordination (interplay ofmuscles including the central nervous system) it is never “too early”, butrather “too late”. It is considerably more difficult to learn movement patternsat a later time in life if they have not been learned until puberty. Comparedto adults, children are still growing. Therefore, their training should beadapted to their age and development stage with regard to strain and theability to concentrate. Children are cheerful, willing to make new socialcontacts, curious, eager to learn, and have a high urge to move.

Specific characteristics whenteaching children

Children’s athletic training is catered towards their entire personalitydevelopment. Thus, a trainer for kids should always consider the specificcharacteristics of athletic training for children and young athletes. Importantbasics are:

Children’s athletic training…

is primarily playful training. Child-oriented games and exercises with and on the horse are are the main focus furthers healthy athletic development for the entire body through diverse training tools is oriented towards the unity of technical and “social“ training. In equestrian sports, the simple learning of techniques does not exist, the partner horse and its needs is always included acts in a sociliazing manner since the contact with the horse as well as the group practices teach social norms, rules, and behaviour patterns allows for positive experiences, is entertaining and adventurous, and takes place in a warm, caring, and inclusive atmosphere

First contact, trust,and safety

·Clarificationof the motives (Why do you want to ride?); also: listen to the parent’sexpectations.

·Developmentthe contact to the “partner horse“: touch the horse, praise it, observe it,etc. in the stall, in the field, in the arena, with the aim to reduce fear andinhibition, develop a relationship with the new social partner “horse”, createtrust, to recognize and learn horse behavior, as well as the basics of horsecare and grooming.

·Includethe horse in the lessons from the beginning. Children need to experience afeeling for the movement on the horse without a saddle, but with a vaultingsurcingle with handles. Children can also just lead or lunge the horse.

·Thetrainer should strive to create a trusting atmosphere from the beginning.

·Thefirst ride takes place on the lead-rope, then on the lunge. Riding in grouplessons comes at a later stage. This routine will give riders of every age groupconfidence.

·Thetrainer should take care that all riders get along with each other and with thetrainer. The trainer needs to create an atmosphere within the group, but alsoan individual relationship between the teacher and the students, where studentscan talk freely about their fears.

·Anadvanced rider should join more advanced beginners to lead the group andmaintain the correct speed and the correct execution of the school figures.

Motivation– the “psychologial engine"

Diverse,creative, and eventful lessons are particularly important. Riders‘ requests andset goals must be discussed and considered as much as possible (e.g. going on ahack, jumping lessons, talking about fears or specific problems). To motivateriders even more for the next lessons, every rider’s strength should be workedout at the end of every lessons. Failures must be addressed as professionally,acquired skills must be emphasized (meet the beginner rider where they stand).

Examplesfor to create motivation:

·Thepleasure of being athletic per se and to feel the dynamics, power, and size of ahorse

·Havingfun when the action gets exciting, for example at a jump-off at a competition

·Searchfor physical challenges and overcoming personal limitations, for example whenriding a difficult jumping course and riding cross-country

·Searchfor risk, for example when jumping cross-country obstacles

·Search for socialrecognition

·Strivefor performance and self-affirmation

·Wishfor diversion, variety, making friends and social connections, camaraderie; inequestrian sports you can practice in a group and still compete successfully asan individual. Or you can compete as a team and strive to achieve the highestmarks for your team.

Playful seat schooling

·Careshould be taken to include the different seat forms during lunge lessons(dressage-, jumping-, racing seat). Generally, lunge lessons should be includedmore into the rider’s education in regular intervals. Even advanced riders canbenefit from improving their seat on the lunge every once in a while.

·Withthe help of different games with and without the horse, the rider will be ableto practice finding their balance and sit independently. From skill games tospeed games, played in teams, pairs, or individually, younger or older beginnerriders can always benefit: whether sack race, hula-hoop, balancing balls, orteetering without the horse; zig-zag, egg race, relay races, or games whereriders have to bend down from the horse: the options are endless and can bechosen according to age and the situation. Here, the trainer’s knowledge of theinterplay of human movement is indispensable.

·Relaxationtechniques such as breathing exercises or gymnastic exercises (arm circling)prevent tension, distract, and prevent seat problems.

·Ifseat mistakes occur that may indicate a specific body build or muscularweakness, gymnastic exercises (also without the horse) should always beperformed to allow for improvement For riders that lean towards coordinationdifficulties due to lack of movements and, as a result, movement patterns thatwere not acquired, the use of special exercises must be considered.

Boys in horses

Boys inequestrian sports become increasingly fewer in numbers. Boys see in riding achance to have fun with other horses, namely when doing wilder, more risky, andcompetitive riding activities. Here, the horse becomes chummy playmate.Generally, boys do not get a kick out of dressage or vaulting. They want toride like cowboys and Indians: no tedious practicing of basic equestrianskills, but going out into nature as soon as possible. Dressage has to lookmore like rodeo. They want to compete with other boys, pass dares, ride fastand wild, seek adventures. The necessary routine of grooming is often only anunavoidable chore. Boys don’t generally find riding boring or old-fashioned.They also don’t agree that riding is “only for girls”, compared to otheractivities that boys decidedly reject at this age. Also, girl don’t want toreserve riding exclusively for girls. They like it when boys ride, too, theyjust don’t want to ride with them. At an elementary school age, children ofboth genders prefer same-gender groups. The community with like-mindedchildren, at, thus, at this age, with children of the same gender is importantto them. This is where they expect the nicest experiences with horses and whenriding. However, this does not mean that girls do not like competitions ordares involving horses. If they like it, they are as likely to do it as boysare. Therefore, there is no reason not to offer similar lessons for girls, inthe assumption that this may not be interesting for them: the love foradventures is not connected to a certain gender. Girls and boys simplyexperience and evaluate different equestrian activities differently.

Specificstrategies to motivate boys for equestrian sports:

·Boysmust be activated at an early age (kindergarden or elementary school).

·Formationof independant boys‘ groups.

·Theequestrian education of boys must be made more diverse, action-packed, andperformance-oriented.

·Boysshould also be offered other, horse-specific leisure activities which promotesociability.

·Boysneed mainly male role models

·Horsesport media may not solely cater to girls.

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