首页 > 分享 > 社交恐惧症综述(之五)

社交恐惧症综述(之五)

七、社交恐惧症的治疗进展与观点

社交恐惧症的治疗是由一系列相关治疗组合而成的综合治疗。

首要的治疗是药物治疗,药物治疗的目的是降低焦虑情绪和焦虑性预期、减轻回避行为、减轻植物神经症状、提高对行为治疗的耐受性和依从性。治疗药物包括SSRIs类抗抑郁药物、单胺氧化酶抑制剂类抗抑郁药物、SNRIs类抗抑郁药物、抗焦虑药物(包括苯二氮卓类和新型抗焦虑药物丁螺环酮和坦度螺酮等)和beta-受体阻滞剂。

现有循证医学证据表明,对于治疗社交恐惧症而言,SSRIs是一类药理作用相似、药效接近、疗效相仿的有效药物,因此常作为治疗社交恐惧症的首选药物。其中,应用最广泛、研究证据最充分的药物是帕罗西汀(paroxetine),有5项为期12周的安慰剂对照治疗试验表明,帕罗西汀能够显著改善社交恐惧症的症状(采用CGI-I分量表和LSAS评定),多数研究发现在治疗的初期(第2-4周时)帕罗西汀的疗效就显著优于安慰剂,且疗效优势一直保持到研究结束(表二)。其他SSRIs也有类似的疗效,例如氟伏沙明和舍曲林也被美国FDA批准用于社交恐惧症的治疗。一般而言,治疗社交恐惧症的剂量要超过治疗抑郁症的剂量,有时需要达到推荐剂量的上限。而且治疗显效的时间也多晚于抑郁症显效的时间,例如大多数社交恐惧症服用足量药物8周以上才可能出现疗效。因此,在未达到足量足疗程就更换治疗药物很可能会功亏一篑。

另外,在我们自己的临床工作中,我们发现有相当一部分患者存在着双相障碍共病,在治疗过程中有些患者会出现躁狂或轻躁狂发作。因此在治疗过程中要高度警惕这种现象。我们自己的经验是,在患者就诊时充分了解患者是否既往有轻躁狂发作或亲属中是否有双相障碍病例,如果有这样的情况,我们会在治疗初期也将心境稳定剂加至足量,一方面预防躁狂或轻躁狂发作,同时似乎心境稳定剂还有一定的增效作用。

除了抗抑郁药物之外,一般社交恐惧症患者的治疗药物还应包括抗焦虑药物,特别是在治疗的初期阶段(一般为4-8周),应给予患者足量的抗焦虑药物。这一方面可减轻患者的焦虑,减轻回避行为,更重要的是增加患者对行为治疗的依从性。

若患者还有明显的植物神经功能紊乱症状,给予一定剂量的β-受体阻滞剂如普萘洛尔或倍他洛克也有助于减轻这些症状。

社交恐惧症的其他治疗包括认知和行为治疗。对于大多数社交恐惧症而言,以暴露于其所恐惧的社交情境的暴露疗法(exposure therapy)具有良好效果。具体操作形式既可以是系统脱敏式(systematic desensitization),又可以是冲击或满灌式(flooding)。对治疗方式的选择应兼顾患者的接受程度和病情严重程度以及治疗的环境(住院或门诊)。

认知治疗常用的治疗方案有三种:社交技能训练(social skills training,SST)、认知治疗(cognitivetherapy,CT)和认知行为小组治疗(cognitive and behavioral grouptherapy,CBGT)。

对于非广泛性社交恐惧症患者,可采用自助疗法来治疗。具体做法因人而异,对于只对当众发言有恐惧者,鼓励患者反复演练模拟当众发言的行为,逐步建立起当众发言的信心与发言习惯。

对于社交恐惧症治疗的最大困难在于那些存在多重共病的患者,治疗过程中要针对不同的精神障碍调整药物方案或组合,并要更细致地评价所选治疗对不同共病的疗效。

补记:近期因为在公众号分部陆续发出本综述的各部分,对治疗进展的资料更新未达到最新。为此,我检索了相关的治疗进展文献发现,与本文成文的年代相比,社交恐惧症的治疗进展不大。现有的循证医学证据仍然表明,大剂量的SSRI类药物或SNRI类药物治疗是证据较为充分、疗效可靠的药物治疗手段。此外,心理治疗,特别是不同实施方法的认知行为治疗(cognitive-behavioraltherapy)有确切而持久的疗效。文末附上几篇较新的参考文献。

参考文献

1. Berrios G. Anxiety disorders: a conceptual history. J AffectDisord 1999; 56: 83-94.

2. Stein MB. An epidemiologicalperspective on social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67 (Suppl12): 3-8.

3. Wakefield JC, Horwitz AV, Schmitz MF. Are we overpathologizingthe socially anxious? social phobia from a harmful dysfunction perspective. CanJ Psychiatry 2005; 50: 317-319.

4. Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area(ECA) experience. J Psychiatr Res 1990; 24(Suppl 2): 3-14.

5. Kessler RC,et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders inthe United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch GenPsychiatry 1994; 51: 8-19.

6. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, et al.Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in theNational Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62: 617-627.

7. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Blanco C, et al.The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: results fromthe National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J ClinPsychiatry. 2005; 66: 1351-1361.

8. Izgic F, Akyuz G, Dogan O, et al. Socialphobia among university students and its relation to self-esteem and bodyimage. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49: 630-634.

9. Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Cadeddu M, etal. Social Phobia in an Italian region: do Italian studies show lowerfrequencies than community surveys conducted in other European countries? BMCPsychiatry. 2004 Oct 15; 4: 31.

10.Rocha FL, Vorcaro CM, Uchoa E, etal. Comparing the prevalence rates of social phobia in a community according toICD-10 and DSM-III-R. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2005; 27: 222-224

11.. Lee S, Lee MT, Kwok K. Acommunity-based telephone survey of social anxiety disorder in Hong Kong. JAffect Disord. 2005; 88: 183-186.

12.Gau SS, Chong MY, Chen TH, et al. A3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Am JPsychiatry. 2005; 162: 1344-1350.

13.Fehm L, Pelissolo A, Furmark T, etal. Size and burden of social phobia in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15: 453-462.

14.Lepine JP, Gasquet I, Kovess V, etal. [Prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in the French generalpopulation][Article in French] Encephale. 2005; 31: 182-194.

15.Wells JE, Browne MA, Scott KM, et al.Prevalence, interference with life and severity of 12 month DSM-IV disorders inTe Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Aust N Z JPsychiatry. 2006; 40: 845-854.

16.Vicente B, Kohn R, Rioseco P, et al.Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders in the Chile psychiatricprevalence study. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163: 1362-1370.

17.Mohammadi MR, Ghanizadeh A,Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of social phobia and its comorbidity withpsychiatric disorders in Iran. Depress Anxiety. 2006; 23: 405-411.

18.KatzelnickDJ, Kobak KA, DeLeire T, et al.Impact of Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder inManaged Care. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1999-2007.

19.Kim J, RapeeRM, Gaston JE. Symptoms of offensive type Taijin-Kyofusho among Australiansocial phobics. Depress Anxiety 2008; 25: 601-608.

20.Bergman RL,Piacentini J, McCracken JT. Prevalence and deion of selective mutism in aschool-based sample. J am Acad Child Adolesce Psychiatry 2002; 41: 938-946.

21.Stein MB, ChaviraDA, Jang KL. Bringing up bashful baby: developmental pathways to social phobia.Psychiatr Clin North Am 2001; 24: 661-675.

22.Chavira DA,Stein MB, Bailey K, et al. Comorbidity of generalized social anxiety disorderand depression in a pediatric primary care sample. J Affect Disord 2004; 80:163-171.

23.Stein MB,Fuetsch M, Muller N, et al. Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression:a prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Arch GenPsychiatry 2001; 58: 251-256.

24.Keller MB. Social anxiety disorder clinical course and outcome: reviewof Harvard/Brow Anxiety Research Project (HARP) findings. J Clin Psychiatry2006; 67 (suppl 12): 14-19.

26.Boylan KR,Bieling PJ, Marriott M, et al. Impact of comorbid anxiety disorder on outcomein a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1106-1113.

28.ColesME, Phillips KA, Menard W, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder and social phobia:cross-sectional and prospective data. Depress Anxiety 2006; 23: 26-33.

(部分参考文献从略)

社交恐惧症治疗的更新参考文献:

4. Katzman MA,Bleau P, Blier P, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for themanagement of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders.BMC Psychiatry 2014;14 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1.

5. Cohen JN,Drabick DAG, Blanco C, et al. Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder:Interpersonal predictors of outcome and the mediating role of the workingalliance. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 52:79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.004.

联系电话

责任编辑:

相关知识

社交恐惧症怎么做生意
大学社交恐惧症?
治疗社交恐惧症最有效的方法
怎么改变社交恐惧症?
社交恐惧症女孩带宠物
社交恐惧症的十大特征
【科普:社交恐惧症】怕人是病,得治!
“腼腆、内向、害羞”这是社交恐惧症吗?
社交恐惧症患者千万不要养猫!否则……
狗狗有这几个表现,说明它有“社交恐惧症”!

网址: 社交恐惧症综述(之五) https://m.mcbbbk.com/newsview507662.html

所属分类:萌宠日常
上一篇: 社交恐惧症综述(之一)
下一篇: 南京心愈岛心身医学张云川老师讲解